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Covalent bonds

Recall that ionic bonds form when


electrons transfer from atom to
atom.
Ionic compounds form when ions
attract. The electrons orbit around
their separate atoms
alent bonds form when atoms share electrons.

The atoms that share electrons do


so because the outer valence is not
full.
r 2 atoms form a covalent bond,
electrons move in orbitals around both atoms

valently bonded compound is called a molecul

For example, when two hydrogen


atoms form a covalent bond both
atoms share the electrons

before

after
To signify shared
electrons intersect both

We use Lewis Dot


formulas to indicate
covalent bonds

In Lewis Dot diagrams, the


shared electrons are drawn
between the atoms.

Shared electrons

H:H

Water forms covalent bonds as well.


The 3 atoms share
valence electrons
Draw a water
molecule in
your notes.
Here is the
Lewis Dot
diagram of
water

To make a Lewis Dot diagram of a compound:


Draw atoms showing valence electrons only

. Draw arrows showing pair sharing.


3. Draw the compound center, use the atom
that is pairing the most electrons.

ing in the other atoms, donating electrons to form the


5. If all atoms do not have 8, look for
another electron to pair share and create a
double bond.
6. If all atoms still do not have 8, then take a
pair from the electron rich atom and donate
them to the one that is lacking.

Chemical formulas

hether atoms form ionic or covalent bonds,


ompound is formed.
A compound is defined as a
substance which is made up of 2
or more atoms.

formula is used to represent the compound.


The formula indicates the type and
quantity of atoms in the compound.

se the symbol to indicate the type of atom.

e the subscript to indicate how many of the ato

If there is no
subscript, 1
is the amount.

H2O

The formula for


water indicates
it is made up of 2
hydrogen atoms a
1 oxygen atom.

Use the coefficient to


indicate how many of the
compound.
Multiply coefficient X subscrip
to calculate the quantity
of atoms.

4H2O

There are 8 Hydrogen atoms and


4 oxygen atoms in 4 molecules of
water.

This 4 indicates 4 water molecules.

Some atoms form groups then act as an ion.


They are called polyatomic ions.
examples are: When
these
The small
NH4+1
3 tells how
types of
many of that
ions form
-1
OH
group there are
compound
in the compound.
s, a
-1
NO3
parenthesi
s is used to
-2
There are 3 OH- ions
SO4
ex: group
Al (OH)3in this compound.
them.

To calculate atom quantity,


multiply the subscript on the
outside of the parentheses X
subscripts on the inside .

Subscripts next to parentheses


only pertain to those atoms
within the parentheses.

Fe(NO2)3

2Fe(HCO3)3
Fe(HCO3)3
Fe(HCO3)

First, distribute the 3 on the outside


all subscripts on the inside .

Next, include those atoms outside of


3 the parentheses

2(Fe(HCO3)3)

Finally, multiply everything by the


coefficient.

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