Ch2 Fluid Statics

Fluid either at rest or moving in a

manner that there is no relative motion
between adjacent particles.
No shearing stress in the fluid
Only pressure (force that develop on
the surfaces of the particles)

2.1 Pressure at a point N/m2 (Force/Area)

F ma
F

p y xz Ps xs sin

p z xy p z xs cos

xyz
az
2

Y:

Z:

xyz
ay
2

xyz
az
2

y s cos ; z s sin

y
y : p y p s a y
2
z : p z p s ( a z )

z
2

What happen at a pt. ?

p y ps
p z ps

p y p z ps

x, y, z 0

is arbitrarily chosen

Pressure at a pt. in a fluid at rest, or in motion, is

independent of direction as long as there are no shearing
stresses present.
(Pascals law)

2.2 Basic equation for Pressure Field

How does the pressure in a fluid which there are no shearing stresses
vary from pt. to pt.?

Surface & body forces acting on small fluid element

pressure
weight

Surface forces:
p y
p y
y : Fy ( p
)xz ( p
)xz
y 2
y 2
Fy

p
xyz
y

Similarly, in z and x directions:

p
Fx xyz
x

p
Fz xyz
z

p p p
Fs Fx i Fy j Fz k ( i
j
k )xyz
x
y
z
(p )xyz

i
j k
x
y
z

Newtons second law

F ma Fs W pxyz xyz

xyz a

p k a

General equation of motion for a fluid in which there

are no shearing stresses.
2.3 Pressure variation in a fluid at rest

a 0 p k 0
p

z
dp

dz

(Eq. 2.4)

2.3.1 Incompressible
g const

p2

p1

dp

z1

z2

dz p1 p2 ( z2 z1 ) h

Hydrostatic Distribution
p1 p 2
h

p1 h p2

*see Fig. 2.2

pressure head

Ex: 10 psi p1 p 2 h 23.1 ft or 518mmHg

( 62.4 lb 2 ) ( 133 KN 3 )
ft
m

p h p0

Pressure in a homogeneous, incompressible fluid at rest: ~ reference level,

indep. of size or shape of the container.

The required equality of pressures at equal elevations

Throughout a system. F2 A2 F1
( Fig . 2.5)
A1

Transmission of fluid pressure

2.3.2 Compressible Fluid
dp
gp
g
dz
RT
p2
g Z 2 dz
p 2 dp

ln

p1
Z1
p
p1
R
T

Assume

perfect gas: p RT

g , R const. (z1 z 2 )

T T0 over z1 , z 2 isothermal conditions

g ( z 2 z1 )
p 2 p1 exp

RT
0

2.4 Standard Atmosphere

Troposphere: T Ta z
0.0065 K

m
0.00357 R
ft

Ta @ z 0
lapose rate

z g R
p pa ( 1
)
Ta

2.5 Measurement of Pressure

See Fig. 2.7
Absolute &
Gage pressure

patm h pvapor
(Mercury barometer)
Example 2.3

N
pa 2 ( pascal )
m

2.6 Manometry
1. Piezometer Tube: 1. p p 2. h is reasonable p p 3. liquid, not a gas
2. U-Tube Manometer: p A 2 h2 1h1
see examples
3. Inclined-tube manometer
a

*explain Fig. 2.11 Differential U-tube manometer

p A pB 2 h2 3h3 1h1

Example 2.5

Ex. 2.5
u , p , p p A pB
Q( the volume rate of the flow ) k p A pB
p A 1h1 2 h2 1 ( h1 h2 ) pB
p A pB h2 ( 2 1 )

2.6.3 Fig. 2.12 Inclined tube manometer

p A pB 2 l2 sin
p A pB
l2
2 sin

Small difference in gas pressure

If pipes A & B contain a gas

2.7 Mechanical and Electronic Pressure Measuring Device

. Bourdon pressure gage (elastic structure)

Bourdon Tube
p , curved tube straight
deformation dial

. A zero reading on the gage indicates that the measured

pressure

. Aneroid barometer measure atmospheric pressure

(absolute pressure)
. Pressure transducer pressure V.S. time
Bourdon tube is connected to a linear variable
differential transformer(LVDT), Fig. 2.14
coil; voltage

This voltage is linear function of the pressure, and could

be recorded on an oscillograph, or digitized for storage
or processing on computer.
Disadvantage-elastic sensing element
meas. pressure are static or only changing
slowly(quasistatic).
relatively mass of Bourdon tube
<diaphragm>
1Hz

*strain-gage pressure transducer *

Fig. 2.15 (arterial blood pressure)
piezo-electric crystal. (Refs. 3, 4, 5 )

2.8 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface

Fig. 2.16 Pressure and resultants hydrostatic force
developed on the bottom of an open tank.

FR pA
Storage tanks, ships

. For fluid at rest we know that the force must be

perpendicular to the surface, since there are no shearing
stress present.

. Pressure varies linearly with depth if incompressible

dp
g
dz

p h for open tank, Fig. 2.16

The resultant force acts through the centroid of the area

d

* Exercise 1.66
d RidA
torque shearing stress
dA ( Ri d )l
d Ri 2 ld

Ri

R0

Ri2 l 02 d 2Ri l

Assume velocity distribution in the gap is linear

2Ri3lw

R0 Ri

Ri w
R0 Ri

dF hdA
FR hdA y sin dA
A

if , are constants.

FR sin ydA
A

first moment of the area

ydA = y c A

FR Ay C sin hc A
Indep. Of

The moment of the resultant force must equal the moment of the
Distributed pressure force
FR y R A ydF A sin y 2 dA
FR A C sin

yR

2
A y dA

yc A

I x A y dA second moment of the area (moment of inertia)

Ix
yR
; I x I xc Ay c2
yc A
I xc
yR
yc
y R yc
ycA

xR

I xyc

xc

I xc , I xyc ect see Fig. 2.18

ycA
Note: Ixy-the product of inertia wrt the x& y area.
Ixyc-the product of inertia wrt to an orthogonal
coord. system passing through the centroid
of the area.

If the submerged area is symmetrical wrt an axes passing

through the centroid and parallel to either the x or y axes,
the resultant force must lie along the line x=xc,
since Ixyc= 0.
Center of pressure (Resultant force acts points)

Example 2.6 a. FR ; ( xR , y R )
b. M (moment )

a.

FR Eq. 2.18

FR 1.23 10 6 N

xR Eq. 2.19, 2.20 xR 0

yR

b Mc 0
.

y R 11.6m
(shaft ; water)
M FR ( y R yc ) 1.01 105 N m

2.9 Pressure Prism

the pressure varies linearly with depth. See Fig. 2.19

h
FR PAve A ( ) A
2
FR volume of pressur e prism
1
h
(h)(bh) A
2
2
No matter what the shape of the pressure prism is, the resultant
force is still equal in magnitude to the volume of the pressure
Prism, and it passes through the centroid of the volume.
First, draw the pressure prism out.

p z p0

dp

dz

Example 2.8

F1 (h1 ps ) A 2.44 10 4 N
h2 h1
F2 (
) A 0.954 103 N
2
FR F1 F2 25.4 KN
FR y0 F1 (0.3m) F2 (0.2m)
y0 0.296m

2.10 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface

.

Eqs. Developed before only apply to the plane surfaces

magnitude and location of FR
.

Integration: tedious process/ no simple, general formulas can be

developed.

Fig. 2.23

F1 ; F2 plane surface
W xV; through C.G(center of gravity )

FH , FV The compoments of force that the tank

exerts on the fluid.

For equilibrium, FH F2 ; collinear. through pt

FV F1 W

Example 2.9
F1 = h c A
lb 3
= 62.4 3 ft ( 3 1ft 2 )
ft 2
= 281lb
2

lb 3 2
= = g = 62.4 3
ft 1ft
ft
4
= 441lb at C.G

See Fig. 2.18

(Centroid; center of pressure, CP; center of gravity)

1
4

3
IC
3
yR = yC +
=
ft + 12
ft
3
ycA
2
32
2
= 2ft

Similarly

x R 1.27ft

4R
43
=
= 1.27 ft
3
3

F1 = FH = 281lb; FV = = 441lb; F2 = 0
FR =

FH2 + FV2 = 523lb

FH
-1 FH
tan =
= tan
= 32.5
FV
FV

2.11 Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability

2.11.1
2.24,

FB V

2.11.2 Stability
stable equilibrium

stable
Light
Heavy
Stable

neutral
Heavy
Light
unstable

Explain Fig. 2.25; 26; 27; 28

unstable
L

H
H