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Principles
1
Hydrostatic Pressure
Because the pressure is measured in psi and depth is
measured in feet, it is convenient to convert Mud Weight
from ppg to a pressure gradient in psi/ft.
The conversion factor is 0.052
Fluid Density (ppg) x 0.052 = Pressure gradient (psi/ft)
Hydrostatic Pressure is the pressure exerted by a column of
fluid at rest, and is calculated by multiplying the gradient of
the fluid by the True Vertical Depth at which the pressure is
being measured:
Fluid gradient (psi/ft) x TVD = Hyd. Pressure(psi)
TVD
0.465 psi/ft
Abnormal formation
pressures are any
formation pressures that
are greater than the
hydrostatic pressure of
the water occupying the
pore spaces.
Commonly caused by the
under-compaction of
shales, clay-stone or
faulting...
10
11
UNCONSOLIDATED
SHALE-DENSITY INCREASES WITH DEPTH - WATER ESCAPES
SAND WITH COMMUNICATION TO SURFACE
12
GAS CAP
NORMAL FORMATION
PRESSURE ABOVE CAP
ROCK =0.465 PSI/FT
Ph
Pabnormal = Pf-Pg
Pf
Pg
GAS PRESSURE
GRADIENT = 0.1 PSI/FT
13
SURCHARGED FORMATIONS
14
FAULT ZONE
Pf Pf
15
ARTESIAN WELL
NORMAL FORMATION
PRESSURE AT THE WELL
UNTILL BELOW THE CAP
ROCK
POROUS SANDSTONE
BELOW CAP ROCK
LAKE
HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE
FROM
FORMATION
WATER
COLUMN
16
SURFACE EROSION
ENCLOSED FORMATION
LEVEL CHANGE
H1
H3
Pf
H2
Pf
Pf
17
19
Formation Pressure
When the well is shut in, Formation Pressure can be found with
the following formula:
Mud Hydrostatic
Mud Hydrostatic
Influx Hydrostatic
=
Formation Pressure
20
KICK
INDICATORS
21
22
23
24
25
ROP
Depth
26
Torque
Depth
27
Change in d Exponent:
d is an indication of drill ability and ROP, RPM, WOB, bit
size are used to calculate its value.
Trends of d normally increase with depth, but in
transition zones, it may decrease with lower than expected
value.
Depth
28
Chloride Trends:
The chloride content of the mud filtrate can be monitored
both going into and coming out of the hole.
A comparison of chloride trends can provide a warning or
confirmation signal of increasing pore pressure.
Chloride
Depth
30
Shale
Density
Depth
31
Temperature Measurements:
The temperature gradient in abnormally pressured
formations is generally higher than normal.
Temp.
Depth
32
- Gas cut mud only slightly reduces mud column pressure, when it is close to
surface.
- Drilled cuttings from which the gas comes may compensate for the decrease.
33
Connection Gas
Connection gas are detected at the surface as a
distinct increase above the background gas, as
bottom up is circulated after a connection.
Connection gases may indicate a condition of
near balance.
If connection gas is present, limiting its volume by
controlling the drilling rate should be considered.
34
SYSTEM
PRESSURE LOSSES
35
Objectives
Identify the different pressures
losses in the system
Identify which one influence bottom
hole pressure
Convert this pressure to an
equivalent mud weight
36
100 psi
80 SPM
0 psi
100 psi
37
80 SPM
400 psi
100 psi
400 psi
0 psi
38
80 SPM
900 psi
100 psi
400 psi
500 psi
500 psi
0 psi
39
80 SPM
2200 psi
100 psi
400 psi
1800 psi
500 psi
1300 psi
1300 psi
0 psi
40
2500 psi
0 psi
80 SPM
100 psi
400 psi
Pressure
300 psi
Annular
500 psi
Losses
1300 psi
2100 psi
1600 psi
300 psi
41
APL EXAMPLE
A well has been drilled to
10,000 ft.
The mud weight is 10 ppg.
To find our Hydrostatic
pressure we use the
following formula;
Mud Wt x 0.052 x TVD 10 x
0.052 x 10,000 = 5,200psi.
The gauge on the drawing
shows bottom hole
hydrostatic pressure.
0 psi
0 psi
0 psi
0 SPM
MUD WT = 10 ppg
0 psi
10,000 ft TVD
0 psi
5200 psi
42
APL EXAMPLE
100 psi
0 psi
MUD WT = 10 ppg
10,000 ft TVD
1300 psi
2100 psi
500 psi
80 SPM
400 psi
300 psi
2500 psi
1600 psi
5500 psi
43
Summary:
Annular Pressure Losses are the pressure
losses caused by the flow of fluid up the
annulus and are the only losses in the system
that affect BHP.
Equivalent Circulating Density is the effective
density at any depth created by the sum of the
total hydrostatic plus the APL.
45
Exercise
- Pressure Gradient?
40 SPM
300 psi
- Hydrostatic Pressure?
600 psi
MD = 9,550 ft
1200 psi
TVD = 8,000 ft
450 psi
MUD WT = 12 ppg
- A P L?
- ECD at 40 SPM?
46
EFFECTS ON
PRESSURES
47
80
spm
Mud wt 10
ppg
48
2860 psi
80 spm
Mud wt 11 ppg
x 2600 = 2860psi
49
50
2600 psi
80 spm
Mud wt 10 ppg
51
4063 psi
100 spm
Mud wt 10 ppg
52
Preparation
and
Prevention
53
FLOWPATH
LINE UP FOR
HARD SHUT IN
55
FLOWPATH
HARD SHUT IN
1
Observe pressure
5
1
2
3
56
FLOWPATH
LINE UP FOR
SOFT SHUT IN
57
FLOWPATH
SOFT SHUT IN
1
Observe pressure
5
1
2
4
58
61
62
LOT
Use a high pressure, low volume pump
(0.25 - 0.5 bbl/min.) such as a cement
pump or a test pump using intermittent or
continuous method of pumping.
Rig pumps are not suitable to perform leak
off tests.
The objective of the above test is not to
fracture the formation, but rather to
identify the formation intake pressure.
This intake pressure is identified as that
point where a deviation occurs between
the trends of the final pump pressure
curve and the static pressure curve. Once
the formation intake pressure has been
reached, further pumping should be
avoided.
64
LOT
The total pressure applied at
the shoe is the sum of the
surface pressure from the
pump and the hydrostatic
pressure for the shoe depth.
Surface
Casing
Pressure
+ Hydrostatic
Pressure
65
LOT
720 psi
720 psi
+
3,000
9.6
ppg
1498 psi
2218
psi
66
MAMW
The Maximum Available Fluid
Density (MAMW).
This is the total pressure,
represented as fluid density,
above which leak off or
formation damage may occurs
with no pressure on surface.
0 psi
3,000
2218 psi
MAMW=
2218
3000 x 0.052
67
Fracture Gradient
The fracture gradient of the
formation will be:
0 psi
2218 psi
MAAS P
MAASP is defined as the surface pressure which,
when added to the hydrostatic pressure of the existing
mud column, results in formation breakdown at the
weakest point in the well.
69
On Kill Sheet
70
Drills
Pit drill
Trip drill
Abandonement drill
Strip drill
71
Actions
Upon
Taking a Kick
72
73
Lost Circulation
Insufficient Drilling Fluid Density
74
Degree of underbalance
Mud Weight
Wellbore diameter
Hole size
Non-controllable Parameters
Formation permeability and type of influx
75
Kick Detection
While Drilling:
76
BOP
Close BOP
Close choke
Notify Tool Pusher
Record time, SIDPP, SICP and pit gain
78
80
81
82
Easier to detect
Expansion:
Expansion:
84
Well Kill
Techniques
85
Drillers Method
Wait and Weight Method
Volumetric Method
86
87
BHP
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
First Circulation
Drillers
Method
Drillers
Drill Pipe
Casing
Method
98
Second Circulation
Drillers
Drill Pipe
Method
Drillers
Casing
Method
99
Drillers Method
Advantages:
- Can start circulating right away
- Able to remove influx even if not enough barite on board
- Less chance of gas migration
- Less calculation
Disadvantages:
- Higher surface pressure
- In certain situation, higher shoe pressure
- Two circulation, more time through the choke
100
BHP
101
102
Drill Pipe
Wait
&
Weight
Casing
103
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
- Longer waiting time prior to circulate the influx
- Cutting could settle down and plug the annulus
- Gas migration might become a problem
- Need to have enough barite to increase the mud weight
- More Calculations
104
h'i
h'i
hm
hm
W & W Method
Gas at Casing Shoe,
kill mud in drill string
Drillers Method
Gas at Casing Shoe
105
h'i
h''i
hm
Drillers Method
Gas at Casing Shoe
hm
W & W Method
Gas at Casing Shoe,
Kill mud in annulus
hkm
106
Gas Behavior
Free
gas expansion
No gas expansion
Volume to bleed off to
maintain BHP constant
107
Gas may be swabbed into a well and remain at TD. The influx will expand as it
moves up the annulus when circulation is started. The amount of expansion can
easily be calculated. If undetected, free gas expansion can cause a serious well
control problem.
108
D=10,000ft
Gas
D
P
Vg
CST
10,000
5,000
1
5,000
109
D=5,000ft
Gm = 0.5 psi/ft
D
P
Vg
PVg
10,000
5,000
1
5,000
5,000
2,500
2
5,000
Gm = 0.5 psi/ft
D
P
Vg
PVg
10,000
5,000
1
5,000
5,000
2,500
2
5,000
2,500
1,250
4
5,000
At 1,250ft
from the
surface.
Pressure;
1,250 x 0.5 =
625 psi
Gm = 0.5 psi/ft
D
P
Vg
PVg
10,000
5,000
1
5,000
5,000
2,500
2
5,000
2,500
1,250
4
5,000
1,250
625
8
5,000
Volume of
gas;
5,000 / 625 =
8 barrels
112
Gm = 0.5 psi/ft
D
P
Vg
PVg
10,000
5,000
1
5,000
5,000
2,500
2
5,000
2,500
1,250
4
5,000
1,250
625
8
5,000
0
14.7
341
5,000
113
No Gas Expansion
0 psi
0 ft
2,500 ft
5,000 ft
7,500 ft
1 bbls
10,000 ft
5,200 psi
Gm = 0.52 psi/ft
1 bbl gain
114
No Gas Expansion
0 psi
1,300 psi
0 ft
2,500 ft
5,000 ft
7,500 ft
1 bbls
1 bbls
10,000 ft
5,200 psi
6,500 psi
1 bbl gain
1 bbl gain
Gm = 0.52 psi/ft
115
No Gas Expansion
0 psi
1,300 psi
2,600 psi
0 ft
2,500 ft
1 bbls
5,000 ft
7,500 ft
1 bbls
1 bbls
10,000 ft
5,200 psi
6,500 psi
1 bbl gain
1 bbl gain
7,800 psi
Gm = 0.52 psi/ft
1 bbl gain
116
No Gas Expansion
0 psi
1,300 psi
2,600 psi
3,900 psi
0 ft
2,500 ft
1 bbls
1 bbls
5,000 ft
7,500 ft
1 bbls
1 bbls
10,000 ft
5,200 psi
6,500 psi
1 bbl gain
1 bbl gain
7,800 psi
9,100 psi
Gm = 0.52 psi/ft
1 bbl gain
1 bbl gain
117
No Gas Expansion
0 psi
1,300 psi
2,600 psi
3,900 psi
5,200 psi
0 ft
1 bbls
2,500 ft
1 bbls
1 bbls
5,000 ft
7,500 ft
1 bbls
1 bbls
10,000 ft
5,200 psi
6,500 psi
1 bbl gain
1 bbl gain
7,800 psi
9,100 psi
10,400 psi
Gm = 0.52 psi/ft
1 bbl gain
1 bbl gain
1 bbl gain
118
1800 psi
500 psi
0 ft
2,500 ft
5,000 ft
5700 psi
7,500 ft
4400 psi
1.3bbls
1bbls
P1V1 = P2V2
V2 = 5700 x 1 / 4400
1 bbls
V2 = 1.29 bbls
10,000 ft
5,700 psi
7000 psi
5,700 psi
1 bbl gain
1 bbl gain
Gm = 0.52 psi/ft
119
1800 psi
500 psi
0 ft
2,500 ft
3100 psi
4400 psi
5,000 ft
1.84bbls
1.3bbls
P1V1 = P3V3
V3 = 5700 x 1 / 3100
7,500 ft
1.3 bbls
V3 = 1.84 bbls
5000 x .52 = 2600 psi
10,000 ft
5,700 psi
7,000 psi
5,700 psi
Gm = 0.52 psi/ft
120
1800 psi
500 psi
0 ft
3100 psi
2,500 ft
1.8bbls
1800 psi
3.16bbls
P1V1 = P4V4
V4 = 5700 x 1 / 1800
5,000 ft
V4 = 3.16 bbls
1.8 bbls
7,500 ft
10,000 ft
5,700 psi
7,000 psi
5,700 psi
Gm = 0.52 psi/ft
121
1800 psi
500 psi
1800 psi
500 psi
P1V1 = P5V5
0 ft
3.16 bbls
2,500 ft
11.4bbls
V5 = 5700 x 1 / 500
V5 = 11.4 bbls
3.16 bbls
5,000 ft
7,500 ft
10,000 ft
5,700 psi
7,000 psi
5,700 psi
Gm = 0.52 psi/ft
122
WELL # 1
HOLE SIZE
HOLE DEPTH TVD/MD
CASING 9-5/8 TVD/MD
DRILL PIPE CAP.
HEAVY WALL DRILL PIPE
CAPACITY
DRILL COLLARS 6-1/4
CAPACITY
DRILLING FLUID DENSITY
CAPACITY OPEN HOLE/COLLARS
CAPACITY OPEN HOLE/DRILL PIPE-HWDP
CAPACITY CASING/DRILL PIPE
FRACTURE FLUID DENSITY
SIDPP
SICP
PUMP DISPLACEMENT
RRCP 30 SPM
PIT GAIN
8-1/2
11536
9875
0.01741
600
0.00874
880
0.00492
14.0
0.03221
0.04470
0.04891
16.9
530
700
0.1019
650
10.0
INCH
FEET
FEET
BBL/FEET
FEET
BBL/FEET
FEET
BBL/FEET
PPG
BBL/FEET
BBL/FEET
BBL/FEET
PPG
PSI
PSI
BBL/STRK
PSI
BBL
123
DRILLERS METHOD
1st CIRCULATION
DP
CSG
0
1489
SHUTTING
IN
WELL
MAASP
700
530
O
7189
7889
124
DRILLERS METHOD
1st CIRCULATION
DP
CSG
30
1489
REACHING
ICP
KEEP CONSTANT
CASING PRESSURE
WHILE BRINGING
PUMPS UP
PUMPS UP AND
PRESSURE STABILISED
KEEP CONSTANT
DRILL PIPE PRESSURE
22
MAASP
700
1180
O
7889
DRILLERS METHOD
1st CIRCULATION
DP
CSG
30
1489
310
MAASP
740
1180
O
GAS EXPANDING
CASING PRESSURE
INCREASE
7929
SHOE PRESSURE
INCREASE
MAASP CONSTANT
126
DRILLERS METHOD
1st CIRCULATION
DP
CSG
30
1489
470
MAASP
775
1180
O
GAS EXPANDING
CASING PRESSURE
INCREASE
7964
SHOE PRESSURE
INCREASE TO MAX
MAASP CONSTANT
DRILLERS METHOD
1st CIRCULATION
DP
CSG
30
1685
620
MAASP
785
1180
O
GAS EXPANDING
7718
CASING PRESSURE
INCREASE
SHOE PRESSURE
DECREASE
MAASP INCREASING
128
DRILLERS METHOD
1st CIRCULATION
DP
CSG
30
2020
2300
MAASP
1120
1180
CONSTANT
DRILL PIPE PRESSURE
GAS EXPANDING
7718
CASING PRESSURE
INCREASE
SHOE PRESSURE
CONSTANT
MAASP INCREASING
Pf= 8928 psi
129
DRILLERS METHOD
1st CIRCULATION
DP
CSG
30
2480
4800
MAASP
1580
1180
O
GAS EXPANDING
CASING PRESSURE
INCREASE TO MAX
7718
SHOE PRESSURE
CONSTANT
MAASP
INCREASE TO MAX
DRILLERS METHOD
1st CIRCULATION
DP
CSG
30
1489
5400
MAASP
530
1180
O
CASING PRESSURE
DECREASING TO SIDPP
SHOE PRESSURE
CONSTANT
7718
MAASP DECREASING
TO ORIGINAL VALUE
BHP= 8928 PSI
Pf= 8928 psi
131
DRILLERS METHOD
2nd CIRCULATION
DP
CSG
30
START PUMPING
KILL MUD 14.9 PPG
1489
5400
MAASP
530
1180
CASING PRESSURE
CONSTANT
SHOE PRESSURE
CONSTANT
7718
MAASP CONSTANT
132
DRILLERS METHOD
2nd CIRCULATION
DP
CSG
30
1489
6306
MAASP
530
936
CASING PRESSURE
CONSTANT
7718
SHOE PRESSURE
CONSTANT
MAASP CONSTANT
BHP= 8928 PSI
Pf= 8928 psi
133
DRILLERS METHOD
2nd CIRCULATION
DP
CSG
30
1489
7212
MAASP
530
692
CONSTANT CASING
PRESSURE
7718
SHOE PRESSURE
CONSTANT
MAASP CONSTANT
134
DRILLERS METHOD
2nd CIRCULATION
DP
CSG
30
1489
7832
MAASP
469
692
O
CASING PRESSURE
DECREASING
7657
SHOE PRESSURE
DECREASING
MAASP CONSTANT
135
DRILLERS METHOD
2nd CIRCULATION
DP
CSG
30
1253
10202
MAASP
233
692
CASING PRESSURE
DECREASING
7657
SHOE PRESSURE
CONSTANT
MAASP DECREASING
136
DRILLERS METHOD
2nd CIRCULATION
DP
CSG
30
KILL MUD AT
SURFACE
1020
12600
MAASP
692
CASING PRESSURE
DECREASING TO ZERO
7657
SHOE PRESSURE
CONSTANT
MAASP DECREASING
TO NEW MAASP w/KMW
137
WELL # 1
HOLE SIZE
HOLE DEPTH TVD/MD
CASING 9-5/8 TVD/MD
DRILL PIPE CAP.
HEAVY WALL DRILL PIPE
CAPACITY
DRILL COLLARS 6-1/4
CAPACITY
DRILLING FLUID DENSITY
CAPACITY OPEN HOLE/COLLARS
CAPACITY OPEN HOLE/DRILL PIPE-HWDP
CAPACITY CASING/DRILL PIPE
FRACTURE FLUID DENSITY
SIDPP
SICP
PUMP DISPLACEMENT
RRCP 30 SPM
PIT GAIN
8-1/2
11536
9875
0.01741
600
0.00874
880
0.00492
14.0
0.03221
0.04470
0.04891
16.9
530
700
0.1019
650
10.0
INCH
FEET
FEET
BBL/FEET
FEET
BBL/FEET
FEET
BBL/FEET
PPG
BBL/FEET
BBL/FEET
BBL/FEET
PPG
PSI
PSI
BBL/STRK
PSI
BBL
138
CSG
0
1489
SHUTTING
IN
WELL
MAASP
700
530
O
7889
139
CSG
30
REACHING
ICP
1489
22
MAASP
700
1180
KEEP CONSTANT
CASING PRESSURE
WHILE BRINGING
PUMPS UP
PUMPS UP AND
PRESSURE STABILISED
KEEP DRILL PIPE
PRESSURE ON
SCHEDULE
7889
140
CSG
30
1489
310
MAASP
740
1097
O
CASING PRESSURE
INCREASING
7929
GAS EXPANDING
SHOE PRESSURE
INCREASING
MAASP CONSTANT
141
CSG
30
1489
470
MAASP
775
1053
O
CASING PRESSURE
INCREASING
7964
GAS EXPANDING
SHOE PRESSURE
INCREASE TO MAX
MAASP CONSTANT
142
CSG
30
1685
620
MAASP
785
1013
CASING PRESSURE
INCREASING
7718
GAS EXPANDING
SHOE PRESSURE
DECREASING
MAASP INCREASING
143
CSG
30
1950
1812
MAASP
1050
692
CASING PRESSURE
INCREASING
7718
GAS EXPANDING
SHOE PRESSURE
CONSTANT
MAASP INCREASING
144
CSG
30
1980
2432
MAASP
1080
692
CASING PRESSURE
INCREASING
7641
GAS EXPANDING
SHOE PRESSURE
DECREASING
MAASP INCREASING
145
CSG
30
2178
4800
MAASP
1278
692
O
CASING PRESSURE
INCREASING
7641
GAS EXPANDING
SHOE PRESSURE
CONSTANT
MAASP INCREASING
146
CSG
30
1204
5360
MAASP
180
692
O
CASING PRESSURE
DECREASING
7641
SHOE PRESSURE
CONSTANT
MAASP DECREASING
147
CSG
30
KILL MUD AT
SURFACE
DRILL PIPE PRESSURE
CONSTANT
1027
7200
MAASP
692
O
CASING PRESSURE
DECREASING TO ZERO
7641
SHOE PRESSURE
CONSTANT
MAASP DECREASING
TO NEW MMASP w/KMW
148
WELL # 1
HOLE SIZE
HOLE DEPTH TVD/MD
CASING 9-5/8 TVD/MD
DRILL PIPE CAP.
HEAVY WALL DRILL PIPE
CAPACITY
DRILL COLLARS 6-1/4
CAPACITY
DRILLING FLUID DENSITY
CAPACITY OPEN HOLE/COLLARS
CAPACITY OPEN HOLE/DRILL PIPE-HWDP
CAPACITY CASING/DRILL PIPE
FRACTURE FLUID DENSITY
SIDPP
SICP
PUMP DISPLACEMENT
RRCP 30 SPM
PIT GAIN
8-1/2
11536
9875
0.01741
600
0.00874
880
0.00492
14.0
0.03221
0.04470
0.04891
16.9
530
700
0.1019
650
10.0
INCH
FEET
FEET
BBL/FEET
FEET
BBL/FEET
FEET
BBL/FEET
PPG
BBL/FEET
BBL/FEET
BBL/FEET
PPG
PSI
PSI
BBL/STRK
PSI
BBL
149
VOLUMETRIC METHOD
MIGRATION
MIGRATIONDISTANCE
DISTANCE
P2 - P1
GMD
GMD==------------------------------------------------MUD GRADIENT
MIGRATION
MIGRATIONRATE/HRS
RATE/HRS
GMD x 60
GMR
GMR== ------------------------------------------------T2 - T1
150
VOLUMETRIC METHOD
KEY POINT:
EVERY BARREL OF MUD IN THE WELLBORE REPRESENT
A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
Ph
Ph
151
VOLUMETRIC METHOD
CHOKE PRESSURE
SICP + SAFETY FACTOR + WORKING RANGE
PRESSURE/BARREL
MUD GRADIENT
PSI/BBL = ---------------------------CAPACITY
14.88
14 x 0.052
= ---------------------------0.04891
WORKING RANGE
50 PSI
W.R.
VOLUME TO BLEED =-------------------PSI/BBL
50
3.36 BBL =----------------------------14.88
152
VOLUMETRIC METHOD
300 psi
PA
12.5 ppg
10000 ft
GMD
P 2 - P1
= -------------------------MWG
GMR
GMD
= -------------------------T 2 - T1
Where:
GAS
6500 psi
153
VOLUMETRIC METHOD
300 psi
PA
12.5 ppg
10000 ft
GMD
P 2 - P1
= -------------------------MWG
GMR
GMD
= -------------------------T 2 - T1
Where:
GAS
6500 psi
154
VOLUMETRIC METHOD
5
BOP
HALLIBURTON
PA
2
KILL LINE
3
4
PUMP
GAS
155
VOLUMETRIC METHOD
BOP
HALLIBURTON
Vm
PA
Vm
KILL LINE
GAS
3
P3
Vm
P3
Vm
4
P3
5
P3
6
Pa
P1
1
5
GAS
GAS
S
I
C
P
BLEED OFF
3
2
GAS
GAS
GAS
LUBRICATE
P3
P1
BHP
156
VOLUMETRIC METHOD
PRESSURE
BLEED OFF
LUBRICATE
TIME
157
Bull heading
Involves forcing formation fluids back into the
formation using surface hydraulics
Usually considered if:
1 Formation fluid cannot be safely handled on surface (eg with H2S)
2 If anticipated formation pressures exceed what can be safely handled
158
159
Shallow Gas
Evaluation & Planning
Drill a pilot hole
Heavy mud in ready(1-2 ppg higher)
Controlled ROP
Use of Viscous pills instead of weighted pills
High circulation rates
Float in string
160
161
Well Control
Complications
162
163
164
Lost Circulation
Formation breakdown
Fractures and Fissures
Bad cement
165
Loss Circulation
Categories:
Hydrates
Hydrates
167
Hydrates
What are hydrates?
Hydrates are a solid mixture of water and natural gas
(commonly methane).
Once formed, hydrates are similar to dirty ice .
168
Hydrates
Why are they important?
Hydrates can cause severe problems by
forming a plug in Well Control equipment, and
may completely blocking flow path.
One cubic foot of hydrate can contain as much
as 170 cubic feet of gas.
Hydrates could also form on the outside of the
BOP stack in deepwater.
169
Hydrates
Where do they form?
In deepwater Drilling
High Wellhead Pressure
Low Wellhead temperature
170
Hydrates
How to prevent hydrates?
Good primary well control = no gas in well bore
Composition of Drilling Fluid by using OBM or
Chloride (Salt) in WBM.
Well bore temperature as high as possible
Select proper Mud Weight to minimize wellhead
pressure.
injecting methanol or glycol at a rate of 0.5 - 1 gal per
minutes on the upstream side of a choke
171
Hydrates
172
173
Tripping Dry
174
Tripping Dry
The volume of fall is equal
to the volume of steel
pulled from the hole.
The trip tank is then used
to fill up the hole.
If 1 barrel of steel is
removed from the hole,
then using the trip tank, we
have to add 1 barrel of
mud.
175
Tripping Dry
1- Calculate the volume of steel
pulled:
Length x Metal Displacement
Example:
DP Metal Disp = 0.00764 bbls/ft
Length Pulled 93 feet
Volume Of Steel Pulled:
93 x 0.00764 = 0.711 bbls
176
Tripping Dry
177
Tripping Dry
3- NO FILL UP:
If you fail to fill up the hole, the
mud level will drop by the
volume of steel pulled.
It will drop inside the pipe and
in the annulus.
178
Tripping Dry
3- NO FILL UP:
Example:
Volume Of Steel Pulled:
93 x 0.00764 = 0.711 bbls
179
Tripping Dry
3- NO FILL UP:
Example Contd:
The volume of drop is 0.711 bbls and will
drop in a volume of
0.06816 bbl / ft,
then the length of drop will be:
0.711 / 0.06816 = 10.4 feet.
If 93 feet (1 stand) are pulled with no fill
up, the mud level will drop by 10.4 feet.
180
Tripping Wet
181
Tripping Wet
The volume of fall is equal
to the volume of steel
pulled from the hole plus
the volume of mud inside
this pipe.
The trip tank is then used
to fill up the hole.
If 3 barrels of steel and
mud are removed from the
hole, then using the trip
tank, we have to add 3
barrels of mud.
182
Tripping Wet
1- Calculate the volume of steel
pulled:
Length x Metal Displacement
Example:
DP Metal Disp = 0.00764 bbls/ft
Length Pulled 93 feet
Volume Of Steel Pulled:
93 x 0.00764 = 0.711 bbls
183
Tripping Wet
2- Calculate the volume of mud
pulled:
Length x DP Capacity
Example:
DP Capacity = 0.01776 bbls/ft
Length Pulled 93 feet
Volume Of Mud Pulled:
93 x 0.01776 = 1.65 bbls
184
Tripping Wet
185
Tripping Wet
186
Tripping Wet
5- NO FILL UP:
If you fail to fill up the hole, the
mud level will drop by the
volume of steel and mud pulled.
It will drop inside the annulus.
187
Tripping Wet
5- NO FILL UP:
Example:
Volume Of Steel and Mud Pulled:
93 x (0.00764+0.01776) = 2.36 bbls
188
Pumping a Slug
It is usefull to pump a slug before tripping.
The slug weight being heavier than the mud, a length of pipe will be
empty.
Pumping a Slug
The total HP is the same on both sides of the pipe.
HP kmw
HP mud
HP mud
190
Pumping a Slug
Example:
If 20 bbls of 12 ppg slug are pumped in a 10,000 ft hole containing
10 ppg mud, what will be the height of empty pipe?
DP capacity = 0.01776 bbl/ft
1- Calculate the height of the slug:
20 / 0.01776 = 1126 ft
191
Pumping a Slug
2- Calculate the HP of the slug:
1126 x 12 x 0.052 = 702.6 psi
702.6 psi
192
Pumping a Slug
2- Calculate the HP of the mud in the annulus:
10,000 x 10 x 0.052 = 5,200 psi
702.6 psi
5,200 psi
193
Pumping a Slug
3- The total hydrostatic beeing the same on both sides,
calculate the HP of the mud below the slug:
5,200 - 702.6 = 4497.4 psi
702.6 psi
5,200 psi
4497.4 psi
194
Pumping a Slug
4- Calculate the height of mud needed to give 4497.4 psi as
a HP:
TVD = 4497.4 / ( 10 x 0.052 ) = 8648.8 feet
1,126 ft
10,000 ft
8648.8 ft
195
Pumping a Slug
4- Calculate the height of empty pipe
10,000 - 8648.8 - 1,126 = 225.2 ft
225.2 ft
1,126 ft
10,000 ft
8648.8 ft
196