CSP Math Course

BCSP Mathematics
Workshop
Peter J Hill, PE, CSP
Commandant Marine Corps (Safety Division)
14-15 March 2007
NAVOSH PDC
Intros & Housekeeping
Exits
Heads
Texts
Calculators
Scratch Paper
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Course Objectives & Intent
Obtain a working understanding of major

mathematical concepts related to CSP/ASP
Refresh or Improve individual Mathematical
abilities to meet concepts covered
Focus on Working Problem Types encountered on

Exam
Establish Process for you to Self-Teach new or
deficient areas
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Syllabus
Morning Session Day 1
CSP Pre-Test
Calculator Selection & Use
Fractions
Exponents, Roots & Logs
Systems of Measurement
Scientific and Engineering
Notation
Morning Session Day 2

Application Areas
Engineering and Physics

Industrial Hygiene
Statistics
Sample Questions & Situations
Afternoon Session Day 1
Algebraic Properties &

Simple Equations
Applied Algebra
Geometry
Trigonometry
Boolean Algebra
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
References
Background Math for the BCSP Safety
Certification Examinations
Glenn Young, CSP, (1st Ed. ASSE 2003)
Examination Guide
2006 Board of Certified Safety Professionals
(Free Download at www.bcsp.org)
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
ASP/CSP Self Assessment
Mini-Test (30 Minutes)
Excerpted quantitative questions from ASP/CSP

Examination Guide
Grade it yourself
Make a note of topical areas where you feel you

need to study
After this classDownload the entire Examination
Guide and work through it all
Consider other recommendations at www.bcsp.org
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
ASP/CSP Self Assessment
Safety Fundamentals:
3.
5.
7.
8.
14-15 March
2007
1
3
4
1
Comprehensive Practice
5.
6.
11.
12.
NAVOSH PDC
4
4
4
4
Before you all walk out
Recognize that the ASP/CSP exams test your

application of numerous concepts and processes as
well as your mathematical skill sets (Physics,
Chemistry, Mechanics, Regulatory Knowledge)
Many problems are elementary enough for a solution
process to be derived you dont have to know it all
THIS COURSE only addresses the math not your
understanding of concepts
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Chapter 1
Calculator Selection and Use
14-15 March 2007
NAVOSH PDC
Text Reference Page 1
Calculators
BCSP Rules (www.bcsp.org)
Calculator Functions
Your Calculator MUST be on approved list or you will

not be permitted to bring it into the exam
Required: , yx, xy, ex ,10x, SIN, COS, TAN, x!,
Recommended: C to F, 1/x, x, y
Backup (2nd) calculator also recommended

The Test is taken on a computer You will have
access to the Windows Calculator tool
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Calculator Hierarchy
Normal Hierarchy (PEMDAS)
(Parentheses)
Exponents
Multiply & Divide
Add & Subtract
Know how your calculator works & know

how to use parentheses
4 + 2 3 (4 + 2) 3
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Chapter 2
Fractions, Etc.
14-15 March 2007
NAVOSH PDC
Fractions
Can be represented as decimals or percents
Divide Numerator by Denominator = Decimal
12
12 69 0.17391
69
Multiply Decimal by 100 = Percent
0.17139 100 17.139%
Add, Subtract, Multiply, or Divide decimals normally
An answer may have to be expressed as a fraction if question requires it

or if it contains variables (x or y)
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Multiplying Fractions
Multiply Numerators
Multiply Denominators
2 3 23

3 4 3 4
Reduce to Lowest Terms
6 1
12 2
Express Whole Numbers as

Fraction with Denominator =1
1 4 1
4
3 1 3
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Dividing Fractions
Multiply by Reciprocal
Change Fractions of Fractions to Fraction Fraction

Invert the Fraction youre dividing by
Multiply the terms of the new expression & Simplify
1

2 1 3 1 4 1 4 4 2
2 4 2 3 23 6 3
3

4
14-15 March
2007
Invert & Multiply

NAVOSH PDC
Dividing Fractions
When whole numbers divided by fractions,

convert whole number to fraction by putting 1
in denominator (same as multiplying)
When multiple fractions are divided, begin

with bottom-most expression and work up
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Adding & Subtracting Fractions
Watch Signs!
A minus (-) sign may be placed before the fraction, its

numerator, or denominator
1 1 1
1

3 3 3 3
Denominators must be equal in order to Add or Subtract
Find a Common Denominator
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Finding A Common Denominator
Multiply each term of the equation

by a fraction equivalent to 1 (any
number or variable over itself)
Add the Numerators ONLY
This is also necessary if expressions
contain variables
It is not necessary to determine a
Least Common Denominator for
BSCP testing
14-15 March
2007
These Fractions
3 5 equal
multiple of 1
8 7
3 7 5 8

8 7 7 8
21 40
56 56
61
56
NAVOSH PDC
Common Denominator with a Variable
Multiply each term of the

equation by a fraction
equivalent to 1 (any number or
variable over itself) so that the
denominators are the same
Add the Numerators ONLY

Reduce/Simplify (if possible)
14-15 March
2007
These Fractions
3 5 equal
multiple of 1
8 x
3 x 5 8

8 x x 8
3 x 40
8x 8x
3 x 40
8x
NAVOSH PDC
Understanding Reciprocals
Definition:
Any two numbers whose

product is one
The reciprocal of a fraction is
also called its inverse
The reciprocal of any whole
number or expression is one
divided by the number or
expression
14-15 March
2007
3 8 24

1
8 3 24
3 x 7 y 21xy
1
7 y 3 x 21xy
NAVOSH PDC
Reciprocals & Proportions
Calculator Tip: Use

Reciprocal Key
A Proportion exists
when Cross Products
are Equal
14-15 March
2007
1
x
or
1/x
3 90
4 120
3 120 360,4 90 120
NAVOSH PDC
Significant Digits & Decimal Places
The most significant digit is the left most non-zero digit in a

number written in decimal form
The number of significant digits is the number of digits

counting from the right of the most significant digit
128.00 The 1 is the left-most non-zero number
128.00 Five Significant Digits

128 Three Significant Digits
.00208 Three Significant Digits
The number of decimal places in an answer is the same as the

number with the smallest number of digits to the right of the
decimal point
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Rounding Rules
Value of a digit is determined by next digit to

the right:
0 to 4 Value of the digit rounded stays the same
6 to 9 Value of the digit rounded is increased
Exactly 5 Value of the digit to be rounded stays
the same if even, increased if odd
The exam may offer several choices where the
only difference is the rounding/significant digits
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Absolute Value
Represents the
magnitude of the
number or expression,
independent of its sign
Like Parentheses, the
placement of the | |
makes a difference
Work between | | First
Pay attention to signs
outside the | |
14-15 March
2007
74 3 3
7 10 3 3
10 5 10 5
10 5 15 5
NAVOSH PDC
Chapter 3
Exponents, Roots, and Logs
14-15 March 2007
NAVOSH PDC
Exponents
A number (Base) times itself;

the number of times is the
exponent
3 is the Base, 4 the Exponent (or

power)
Any nonzero number raised to

the zero power is equal to one
A Base with a negative
exponent equals the inverse of
the base raised to the same
power
14-15 March
2007
3 3 3 3 3 81
4
x 1, x 0
0
NAVOSH PDC
1
3
x
Exponent Operations
Multiply (Same Base)

Add the Exponents
Divide (Same Base)
Subtract the Exponents
Products Raise each
expression to same
power
14-15 March
2007
2 2
3 3 3
2
2 2
3 3 3
2
3 1
0
2 4
NAVOSH PDC
2 4
2
Roots
A Root is the opposite of an exponent
Radical
Radicand 125
Order 3 (if blank, assume 2)
Order
Even - Root maybe positive or negative

Odd - Root has sign of Radicand
Can be expressed as an exponent by inverting
the Order and making the resultant fraction
the exponent
125
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
9 9
1
2
Logarithms
Common Logarithms Base 10

It is the power (exponent) you raise a number
to that gets the result
10-4 = .0001 therefore log 0.0001 = -4
Natural Logarithms Base e (e =

2.718281828)
Negative logarithms result in values less than 1
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Antilogarithms
Antilog is the opposite - Result when you

raise 10 (or e) to the power
On Calculator
Common Logs: Log x and 10x

Natural Logs: Ln x and ex
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Chapter 4
14-15 March 2007
NAVOSH PDC
English Units
Pounds, Cubic Feet, Gallons, Hours, Mile,

Degrees Fahrenheit
Metric Units
Grams, Cubic Meters, Liter, Hours, Meters,

Degrees Celsius
Dependent of prefixes (milli, centi, deci, deca,
hecto, kilo, etc)
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Absolute Scales
For Scientific Problems, absolute temperature

scales prevent use of negative temperature values
Metric Kelvin
t K t C 273
English Rankin
t R t F 460
Absolute Pressure
Gauge Pressure plus Atmospheric Pressure
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Conversion
The exam may require you to convert from metric to

English or vice versa
A problem may be presented using a mix of both
systems (meters with pounds). You MUST convert
to one system
Be mindful of the units presented and what is asked
for in the answer
Have Reference Pages from the Examination Guide
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Dimensional Analysis
Allows you to derive appropriate conversion

factor
Write the term to convert with number and units

Write a fraction equal to one that has the start unit
in the opposite position from the original term
and the desired unit in the other position
Multiply terms and cancel the units (desired one
should be left)
Round to required accuracy
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Dimensional Analysis Example
Convert 20 miles to feet
20miles 5,280 feet
105,600 feet
1
1mile
Use the Tabular model in the text for more complex

examples
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Chapter 5
Scientific and Engineering Notation
14-15 March 2007
NAVOSH PDC
Scientific & Engineering Notation
A shorthand method used to express very large or

small numbers
Scientific Notation: 1 number to left of decimal

point (base) times 10 raised to a determined power
Helps minimize errors (from miscounting zeroes)
1,004,000 = 1.004 x 106
Engineering Notation: A form of Scientific

Notation that limits the exponent of 10 to multiples
of 3, times a base with 1 to 3 places to left of the
decimal point
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Processes in Scientific Notation
Multiplication:
Multiply the bases

Add the exponents
(powers of 10)
Combine and readjust
Is the answer to the
right number of
decimal places?
14-15 March
2007
2.04 10 4 3.007 10 2
2.004 3.007 6.13428
10
10 2 10 4 2 10 2
6.13428 10 2
NAVOSH PDC
Processes in Scientific Notation
Division
Divide the bases

Subtract the exponents
Combine and readjust
4.78 106 2.47 103

4.78 2.47 1.9352226
10
103 10 63 103
1.9352226 103
Same Processes work

in Engineering
Notation
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Other Rules
To add or subtract expressions in Scientific

Notation, adjust power of 10 to the same
value in each term (not likely to need this)
(3 x 105) + (5 x 105) = 8 x 105
When raising an expression containing

exponents by another exponent, multiply the
exponents
(103)5 = 10(3x5) = 1015
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Bonus Material After Lunch
7 x 13 = 28
Video: Abbott & Costello In the Navy
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Was Costello Really Wrong?
If we think beyond our usual Base 10 system,

this is possible
In Base 1, 7 means 7 x 10, or 7 x 1 = 7

and 13 means 1 x 11 + 3 x 10, or 1 + 3 = 4
Therefore in Base 1, 7 x 4 = 28
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Chapter 6
Algebraic Properties and Simple Equations
14-15 March 2007
NAVOSH PDC
Algebraic Properties
Variable unknown value expressed as a letter

(x, y, z, a, b, c)
Commutative Property (Order doesnt matter)
Addition: a + b = b + a
Multiplication: ab = ba
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Algebraic Properties
Associative Property
Placement of Parenthesis makes no difference in

operations consisting solely of either addition or
multiplication
Does not apply when addition and multiplication are both
involved
Distributive Property
Factoring (Reverses the process)
a b c ab ac
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Like Terms and Polynomials
Variables that are raised to the same power are like

terms and can be simplified or factored
Multiplying polynomials
Multiply the first term in the first expression by each term

in the second expression
Multiply the second term in the first expression times each
term in the second expression
Add the products
Combine and simplify
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Multiplying Polynomials
First expression in first term

times each expression in
second term
Second expression in first
term times each expression
in second term
Carry the sign with each
factor when multiplying
(+2) x (-3) = -6
14-15 March
2007
x 2 y 3
xy 3 x 2 y 6
x 2 x 3
x 2 x 3x 6
2
x x6
2
NAVOSH PDC
Rules for Equations
Multiplying any term or expression by one

does not change its value
Performing the following on both sides of an
equation will not change the equality
Add or subtract the same number or term

Multiply or divide by the same number or term
CAN NOT divide by zero
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Solving Single Variable Equations
Isolate the variable on

one side of the equal
sign and the constants
on the other
Subtract same value

from both sides
Solve for answer
Same process if the

variable is on both
sides
14-15 March
2007
x 5 20
x 5 5 20 5
x 15
4 x 7 3x 5
4 x 7 7 3x 5 7
4 x 3x 12
4 x 3x 3 x 3 x 12
1x 12
NAVOSH PDC
Solving Multiple Variable Equations
Expressing one
variable in terms of
another
Solving for x
Subtract 3 from both

sides
Divide both sides by 4
14-15 March
2007
4 x 3 22 y
4 x 22 y 3
22 y 3
x
4
NAVOSH PDC
Simultaneous Equations/Substitution
x 2 y 17, x y 2
x 17 2 y
17 2 y y 2
17 3 y 2
Express one variable in

terms of the other
3 y 2 17 15
Substitute the new

expression into one of the
15
equations & solve like single
y
5
variable
3
Substitute resultant value

into equation and solve for
2
other variable
x 25 7
14-15 March
NAVOSH PDC
To achieve a numerical
solution we need one
distinct equation for each
variable (to solve for two
variables we need two
equations)
2007
Simultaneous Equations/Addition
Some equations can be

added together to
eliminate a variable
Modify to have one

variable zero out
Solve for remaining
variable
Plug result in either
equation
Solve for the other
variable
14-15 March
2007
x 2 y 17
2x 2 y 4
3 x 21
x7
7 2 y 17
2 y 10
y5
NAVOSH PDC
Using Proportions
Remember Proportion means cross products are

equal. This quality can be used to set up an equation
to find an unknown
If 21 parts cost $252, How much would 37 parts
cost?
Set up Proportion with like quantities

in same position
Parts 21 37
Cross multiply to write an equation

Dollars 252 x
where x = Cost of 37 parts
21x 252 37 9324
Solve for x
9324
x
$444
21
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Inverse Proportions
Works like proportions,

set up as multiplication
50 lb child 4 feet from the

fulcrum
40 lb child x feet from the
fulcrum
F1D1 = F2D2
14-15 March
2007
50lbs 4 ft 40lbs D2
200 ft lbs 40 D2 ft lbs
200
D2 5 ft
40
NAVOSH PDC
Reality Checks
Apply un-Common Sense to answer
If some number of parts will cost a specific amount,

MORE parts should cost MORE money
A heavier child on a seesaw would have to be closer to the
fulcrum to balance with a lighter child
Draw a picture
Use your head to eliminate obvious wrong answers
before doing any calculations this can save time on
the exam
If the UNITS in the problem dont work out, there is
probably something wrong with the numbers also
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Chapter 7
Applied Algebra
14-15 March 2007
NAVOSH PDC
Sets & Subsets
A Set is a collection of things, represented by

enclosure in braces {2, 4, 6, 8}
Each Item in a Set is an Element
Sets are Named with Capital Letters
A Subset exists when all its elements are part of the
parent set
Set Symbols
14-15 March
2007
,,, ,,
NAVOSH PDC
Venn Diagrams
Pictorial System to
show sets and
relationships
B A
BC
AC
Set A
6, 8
Set C
5, 7
Set B
2, 4
2 A, B, C
A C 2,4,5,6,7,8
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Mixtures
Start with 10 gallons

of 50% Solution
Using 25% solution,
how much is needed
to make the overall
concentration 40%?
Let x equal amount of
25% solution
10 gal 50% xgal 25% 10 x 40%

10 0.5 0.25 x 10 0.4 0.4 x
0.25 x 5 0.4 x 4
0.25 0.4 x 4 5
0.15 x 1
1
x
6.6667
0.15
Problems can often be worked multiple ways decide how its being
worked and dont confuse methods. Also know what they are asking for
gallons of the new solution or the new total amount (would be 16.7776 gal)
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Graphing, Slopes and Intercepts
Understand basic graph concepts
Graphing solutions limited to 2-dimensional (x, y)

An equation of x and y yields a line on a graph
When x and y are at the first power, the line is
straight
With multiple equations, a solution represents an
intersection of two lines
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Graph Formulas (Know These)
Slope-Intercept
y = mx + b
Slope x Intercept y = m(x - a)
Point-Slope Formula y y1 = m(x x1)
Where:
m = Slope of a line
x and y = known points on a line
x1 and y1 = another known point on a line
a = value of x when y = 0
b = value of y when x = 0
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Graphing
Graph x = 2y
Using y = mx + b we find
that y = 0.5x + 0
For every increase in y, x

increases 2
The y intercept b equals 0

14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Zero-Product Property
When multiple expressions multiplied together equal

zero, at least one of the expressions MUST be equal
to Zero
3x 4 y 0
Either x or y must equal zero!
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Quadratic Equations
Only one variable

Highest order variable is squared
Must be written in general form
ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0)
Solved using the

Quadratic Formula:
Formula yields 2 answers
(because a square root may
be either + or -)
14-15 March
2007
b b 2 4ac
x
2a
NAVOSH PDC
Word Problems
Handou
t
Read problem carefully

List the relevant information provided
Determine what is being asked for, including units of
measure
Write an equation that expresses the answer you
need in terms of the information provided
Plug the information into the equation and solve
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Word Problems ~ Example 1
List the relevant information
When working on paper, underline each

quantifiable element (If working from computer,
list these on scratch paper)
Example 1 Relevant Information:
Two groups in cars (2 cars)

1st car leaves on time; travels at 45 mph
2nd car leaves on half hour later; travels at 55 mph
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Determine what is being asked for, including

units of measure
Circle or box the question being asked

Note the units the answer has to be given in
Example 1:
The question asks How long will it take for the

second carload to catch up to the first?
The units of the answer will be in time (hours or
minutes)
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Writing the equation ~ Look for relationships
Let the time it takes to catch the 2nd car equal t

Using distance = velocity x time, we can state that the
distance the 1st car travels is 45 x (t + 0.5) (since it left a
half hour earlier)
We can also state that the distance the 2nd car travels
during the catch up time is 55t
Since both cars will have traveled the same distance at the
time the catch up, this forms the equality
55t = 45 x (t + 0.5)
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Solving the equality:

55t = 45t + 45 x 0.5
55t = 45t + 22.5
55t 45t = 22.5
10t = 22.5
t = 2.25 hours or 2 hours 15 minutes
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Reality Checks
The number is positive (had the answer resulted in

negative time, you would have made an error)
The distance traveled is 123.75 miles (reasonable
for college football games)
The units work out
distance (miles) = velocity (mph) x time (hours)
Minutes would not have worked unless you changed
the velocity into miles per minute
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Chapter 8
Geometry
14-15 March 2007
NAVOSH PDC
Givens:
Know definitions and how to calculate the

following for basic shapes
Squares/Rectangles Perimeter; Area

Circles Circumference; Radius; Diameter; Area
Triangles Perimeter; Height; Area
Volume for Cube, Rectangular Solid, Sphere,
Cone, and Cylinder
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Typical Geometry Problems
Finding the load related to a depth of liquid
You would need to know the liquid and its

density
Determining the height of a barrier needed to

contain spillage from tanks within the barrier
Need to know volume of tank and regulatory

requirements that apply
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Chapter 9
Trigonometry
14-15 March 2007
NAVOSH PDC
Triangles
The relationship of the angles and sides of

triangles relate to many safety and
engineering problems
The sum of the angles in a triangle always
sum to 180
A right triangle has one 90 angle (shown by
a small square in the corner)
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Trigonometry Applications
Trig is used to determine the length of a side

of a right triangle and also to determine forces
acting in relationship to right angles
About Right Triangles
Angles labeled with capital letter, opposite sides

with same lower case letter
The Right Angle is Labeled C
The longest side is that opposite the right angle,
called the hypotenuse, and labeled c
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Trig Functions
Sine Ratio of the opposite side to the

hypotenuse: SIN A = a/c
Cosine Ratio of the adjacent side to the
hypotenuse: COS A = b/c
Tangent Ratio of the opposite side to the
adjacent side:
B
c (H
TAN A = a/b
y po
te n
use)
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSHCPDC
Trig Laws
Pythagorean Theorem: The Square of the longest side of a

Right Triangle is equal to the Sum of the Squares of the other
two sides
Law of Cosines: To find the length of a side adjacent to Angle

C (Applies to any Triangle)
c2 = a2 + b2
c2 = a2 + b2 2abCOS C
Law of Sines: The lengths of the sides of a triangle are

directly proportional to the sines of the angles opposite them
a
b
c
sin A sin B sin C

14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Application to Force Problems
Stresses in a right angle system

are proportional to the lengths of
the sides involved
Find Stress in the pole and on the
wire
First find the value of side c

4 2 + 6 2 = c2
16 + 36 = 52 = c2
52 = 7.2 = c
14-15 March
2007
wir
e
4
6 (pole)
500#
NAVOSH PDC
Force Problem (contd)
Since the Forces are

proportional to the
lengths involved
b
c
a=4
Display as right triangle

with forces
Find the Stress in the
Wire (c)
14-15 March
2007
c=
7 .2
a = 500
b=6
length _ a length _ c
force _ a ' force _ c'

4 ft
7.2 ft
500#
c' #
4c' 500 7.2
c' 900#
NAVOSH PDC
Force Problem (contd)
Since the Forces are

proportional to the
lengths involved
b
c
a=4
Find the Stress in the

Pole (b)
c=
7 .2
a = 500
b=6
length _ a length _ b
force _ a ' force _ b'

4 ft
6 ft
500# b' #
4b' 500 6
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
b' 750#
Sling Problems
When slings are directly vertical, the loads are

additive (Spreader Bar)
When slings are at an angle to the load the
stress in each sling is greater than its
proportional share of the load
If the angles are
different, so are
1,000#
the stresses
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Sling Load Calculations
Assume each sling bears a

proportional share of the
vertical load (2 slings,
500# each)
Represent the load on one
sling by using a right
triangle
Knowing the angle to the
load, calculate stress in one
sling (the other will be the
same if lengths and angles
are equal)
14-15 March
2007
c
30
500#
1,000#
500
sin 30
c
500
500
c
1,000#
sin 30 0.5
NAVOSH PDC
Chapter 10
Boolean Algebra
14-15 March 2007
NAVOSH PDC
Applications
Boolean Algebra is the algebra of events

Applications include computer science, digital
switching, probabilities and fault tree analysis
Postulates are provided in the Examination
References
Events are represented by capital letters (A)
Event not happening is represented by the
prime (A)
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Boolean Postulates
Basic Rules
+ means OR: A + B means either event A or

event B occurs Probabilities are additive
x means AND: A x B means both event A and
event B occur Probabilities are multiplied
Makes Probability of both occurring smaller
Probability of A + A = 1 (One must happen)

Probability of A x A = 0 (Both cannot happen)
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Fault Tree Symbols

Basic Component Failure
Event with insufficient
significance or
A)
information to develop a failure
Normally occurring condition or event
Combination of any of above events
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Fault Tree Symbols

AND
OR
Condition
AND
AND Gate All inputs must be true in

order for output to be true
OR Gate AnyA)input must be true in order
for output to be true
INHIBIT Gate All inputs, plus additional
condition must be true for output to be true
The words will not normally appear in the symbols
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
The Least Cut Set
The fewest number of

events that will result in
the final event
A
0.5
AND
If D occurs and the

Condition is true, A occurs
Note that D MUST occur

for B or F to occur (AND
Gates)
If D can be eliminated, A
cannot occur
OR
C
OR
AND
AND
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Application Areas
Engineering & Physics
14-15 March 2007
NAVOSH PDC
Engineering & Physics Concepts
Force & Gravity

Weight & Mass
Moments
Energy
Speed
Hydraulics
Electricity
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Force & Gravity
Causes a mass to accelerate in proportion to

the size of the force
Force is a vector
F = MA
Has magnitude and direction
Measured in Newtons or Poundsforce

Gravity exerts a Force that causes
acceleration of 9.8 m/sec2 or 32 ft/sec2
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Weight and Mass
Mass Weight
The English System considers Mass = Weight and
factors out the gravitational acceleration
Poundsforce = Poundsmass
If we applied English system on moon, Neil Armstrongs
mass would be the same as it is on earth, but his weight
would be less by a factor of 5.31/32.2 (one sixth)
The Metric System considers Mass in grams, and

applies acceleration to obtain weight in newtons
You need to understand this difference if presented
with a metric problem
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Moments
A Moment is a force applied at some distance

Measurement in ft-lbs or newton-meters
For a system in balance the sum of the moments
around a reference point is equal to zero
F1D1 = F2D2
As one weight increases,

its distance from the fulcrum
has to be reduced to balance
the other weight
14-15 March
2007
F1
NAVOSH PDC
D1
D2
F2
Speed (Velocity), Distance & Time
Speed is changed by acceleration
v = v0 + at
a can be positive or negative (deceleration)

If distance known, v2 = v02 + 2as
Distance s 2
at
sv t
0
2
Velocity with Friction considered (mph)

vmph 30 s
The friction is decreased or increased by percent decline or incline
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Velocity with Friction
Vehicle makes emergency

stop on dry pavement.
Skid Marks are measured at
132 feet. If the coefficient
of friction is 0.66, what
speed was the vehicle
traveling?
If multiple surfaces are

involved, determine speed
for each surface/skid
distance
The initial speed is given by
14-15 March
2007
vmph 30 s
vmph 30 132 0.66
vmph 51mph
v0
NAVOSH PDC
2
1
v22
Energy
The capacity to do work

Kinetic Energy
Objects in motion
KE = MV2
Potential Energy
Stored
Object suspended above ground or on an incline
PE = MGH
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Hydraulics
Applications include
determining if fire water
systems can provide
required flow
S R2
Q2 Q1
S R1 0.54
Solve for total flow available

Solve for Residual Pressure
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
0.54
Q = Water Flow in gpm

S = Static Pressure psi
R = Residual Pressure
R2 = Residual at Max Flow
Electricity
Applications: Determining if a circuit is overloaded
Voltage = Current (amps) x Resistance (ohms)

V=IR
Power (watts) = Current x Voltage
P=IV
Resistance
Additive in Series
Inverses added in Parallel
14-15 March
2007
RSeries R1 R2 ... Rn
1
RParallel
NAVOSH PDC
1
1
1

...
R1 R2
Rn
Application Areas
Industrial Hygiene
14-15 March 2007
NAVOSH PDC
Noise Applications
Determine change in noise level

with distance
Time Limits to noise exposure
Dose ~ Individual exposures over

time x 100
L = SPL
90 = PEL (OSHA)
C = Total Time at a noise level

T = Reference Duration for level
Time Weighted Average

14-15 March
2007
d0
dB1 dB0 20 log

d1
8
T [( L 90 ) / 5]
2
Ci
D 100
Ti
D
TWA 16.61log
90
100
NAVOSH PDC
Vapor & Gas Concentrations
Convert between parts per million

and milligrams per cubic meter
Exposures to PEL or TLV
MW is molecular weight of atoms

making up the molecule being
measured
c = concentration (ppm)
t = time exposed to that
concentration
c t
TWA
i
Protection Factor of PPE

14-15 March
2007
24.45 mg / m 3
ppm
MW
NAVOSH PDC
PF
cOutside Re spirator
cInside Re spirator
Vapor & Gas Concentrations
Ventilation
Flowrate ~ Cubic feet per minute (cfm)

Velocity ~ feet per minute (fpm)
G = Generation Rate of Vapor Produced (cfm)
C = Concentration Required (ppm)
To keep concentration below LEL
Safety Factors may apply

Watch Units (hours, volumes)
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
G
Q
C
LEL
C
100
Application Areas
Statistics
14-15 March 2007
NAVOSH PDC
Mean & Median
The Mean is the average of all items in a

sample or set = (Sum)/(Number of items)
Affected by a few extreme values
The Median is the point where half the data

are smaller and half the data are larger =
midpoint of the data sample
Not affected by extreme values
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Standard Deviation
A measure of how spread or diverse the data sample

or set is (use n-1 option on calculators)
1 n
S
Xi X
n 1 i 1
S=1
n = Number of samples in data set

Xi = Individual data point
X = Mean of the data set
14-15 March
2007
S=2
A random spike here will change

the mean but not the median
NAVOSH PDC
Variance & Confidence Limits
Coefficient of Variance: Percentage that

indicates the precision of a set of data points
Used to Compare Different Data sets

CV = 100(S/X)
Confidence Limits: Measure uncertainty in

estimate of true Mean
Is used to determine with 95% certainty that a

violation of OSHA exists, may exist or does not
exist
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Calculate UCL and LCL
Determine Standard Concentration
Calculate UCL & LCL
Y = (Air Sample)/(PEL)
UCL = Y + Sampling & Analytical Error (SAE)
LCL = Y- SAE
Determine 95% Probability of Violation
Violation definitely exists if LCL 1

Violation may exist if LCL < 1 and UCL >1
Violation cannot exist if UCL 1
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Probability
A number indicating the likelihood that a specific

event will occur
Must use Z-Tables provided in Exam Reference
Material
Calculate Z = (X X)/SD
Lookup Z in Table
Add 0.5 if working to a single criteria
Add values if working to a dual criteria
Convert to percentage probability the event will occur
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Application Areas
Sample Questions & Situations
14-15 March 2007
NAVOSH PDC
Ramp Problems ~ Sliding Forces
Objects on an incline exert forces that align with an

identical triangle normal to the ramp surface
Weight of the object is represented by the hypotenuse w

and always acts directly down
Force down the ramp is
a
represented by side a
w
A
Sin A = a/w
The force to stop the object
A
from sliding a = w x sin A
(assume no friction)
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Ramp Problems ~ Friction Force
Friction is a resisting force based on the force the

object exerts on the surface and the qualities of the
surface, expressed as the coefficient of friction
Force normal to the ramp surface

is represented by side b
Cos A = b/w
The force exerted by
friction b x = w x cos A x
a
w
A
b
A
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Ramp Problems ~ Static
Problem: what force must be exerted against an

object to keep it from sliding
Since Friction helps prevent the object from sliding,
it is subtracted from the force acting down the ramp
If the friction force alone exceeds the down-ramp force no

additional force is necessary to hold the object
If the friction force is less than the down-ramp force, the
object will slide unless a resisting force equal to a minus
friction is applied
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Ramp Problems ~ Pushing Uphill
Problems ask what force must be exerted

against an object move it up the ramp
Since Friction helps prevent the object from
sliding (in either direction), it must now be
added to the force down the ramp
The force to move the object up the ramp must be

greater than the Friction Force plus the downramp force
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Crane Problems
Crane Balance and Tipping

Tower Crane/Counterweight
paradigm
If CW is 1500# and D1 is
50 ft, is it safe to lift 1000# at
D2 = 100 ft?
Questions assume counterweight

Moment must equal or exceed load
Moment. Since 75,000 is less than
100,000, the textbook answer is
no
This paradigm is incorrect!
14-15 March
2007
D1
D2
F1
F2
F1 D1 F2 D2
1,500 50 100 1,000 ?
75,000100,000
NAVOSH PDC
Crane Problems
A tower crane with no load applied has structural strength that

resists the Moment from the cw (in this case 75,000 ft-#),
sometimes called reverse moment
If the load applied results in a moment equal to the cw
moment, the crane is in equilibrium (reverse moment goes to
zero)
This means that the moment from a load can safely be up to
twice the cw moment
2(FcwDcw) = FloadDload
It has been observed that some preparatory materials ignore

this reverse moment. Be aware of this difference when
working this type of question.
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Pulleys
The use of pulleys creates a

mechanical advantage equal to the
number of lines in the pulley
system
L
F
4
If the free line (line being pulled)

is in a downward direction, the
advantage is reduced by one
L
F
4 1
F
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Pulleys and Friction
Problems will state whether friction is to be

considered
If it is not stated assume no friction

If a friction factor Ff is stated (as a percentage), the line
load LL is given by the formula below with n equal to the
number of lines in the pulley system
Load
n
1 Ff
LL
n
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Wire Rope
Safe Working Load (in tons)
SWL = (Diameter in inches)2 x 8

1/5 the Manufacturers Breaking Strength
For worn rope, reduce SWL by 50%

Wear/Failure factors
Incorrect size or grade or rope and/or sheaves

Lack of lubrication/chaffing
Overriding/cross winding
Allowing contaminates to penetrate strands
Exposure to corrosive liquids or vapors
Severe or repeated overloading
14-15 March
2007
NAVOSH PDC
Questions & Critique

Contact Information:
Peter J Hill, PE, CSP
Head, Engineering Section
Commandant Marine Corps, Safety Division
2 Navy Annex, Rm 2122
Washington DC 20380-1775
Phone: 703.614.1202
Email: peter.j.hill@usmc.mil
14-15 March 2007
NAVOSH PDC

CSP Math Course

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BCSP Mathematics

14-15 March 2007

Intros & Housekeeping

Course Objectives & Intent

Obtain a working understanding of major

Focus on Working Problem Types encountered on

Morning Session Day 1

Morning Session Day 2

Engineering and Physics

Afternoon Session Day 1

Algebraic Properties &

ASP/CSP Self Assessment

Mini-Test (30 Minutes)

Excerpted quantitative questions from ASP/CSP

Make a note of topical areas where you feel you

ASP/CSP Self Assessment

Before you all walk out

Recognize that the ASP/CSP exams test your

14-15 March 2007

Text Reference Page 1

BCSP Rules (www.bcsp.org)

Your Calculator MUST be on approved list or you will

Backup (2nd) calculator also recommended

Text Reference Page 3

Multiply & Divide

Add & Subtract

Know how your calculator works & know

14-15 March 2007

Text Reference Page 5

Can be represented as decimals or percents

Divide Numerator by Denominator = Decimal

Multiply Decimal by 100 = Percent

0.17139 100 17.139%

Add, Subtract, Multiply, or Divide decimals normally

An answer may have to be expressed as a fraction if question requires it

Text Reference Page 8

Reduce to Lowest Terms

Express Whole Numbers as

Text Reference Page 11

Change Fractions of Fractions to Fraction Fraction

Invert & Multiply

Text Reference Page 12

When whole numbers divided by fractions,

When multiple fractions are divided, begin

Text Reference Page 16

Adding & Subtracting Fractions

A minus (-) sign may be placed before the fraction, its

Denominators must be equal in order to Add or Subtract

Find a Common Denominator

Text Reference Page 17

Finding A Common Denominator

Multiply each term of the equation

Text Reference Page 18

Common Denominator with a Variable

Multiply each term of the

Add the Numerators ONLY

Text Reference Page 21

Any two numbers whose

Text Reference Page 22

Reciprocals & Proportions

Calculator Tip: Use

Text Reference Page 24

Significant Digits & Decimal Places

The most significant digit is the left most non-zero digit in a