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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
AND MEASUREMENTS

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

Learning Outcome:

1.1 Physical Quantities and Units


At the end of this chapter, students should be able
to:
State basic quantities and their respective SI
units: length (m), time (s), mass (kg), electrical
current (A), temperature (K), amount of
substance (mol) and luminosity (cd).
( Emphasis
on units in calculation)
2

State derived quantities and their respective


units and symbols: velocity (m s-1), acceleration
(m s-2), work (J), force (N), pressure (Pa), energy
(J), power (W) and frequency (Hz).
State and convert units with common SI prefixes.
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PHYSICS
1.1

CHAPTER 1Units an
Physical Quantities,
Dimension
Physical quantity is defined
as a quantity that can be measured

It can be categorized into 2 types


Basic (base) quantity
Derived quantity
Basic quantity is defined as stand alone quantities that cannot be
derived from other quantities
Derived quantity is defined as a quantity which can be
expressed in term of base quantity.
Dimensional analysis is a too to understand the properties of
physical quantities independent of the units used to measure them.
Every physical quantity is some combination of mass, length, time,
electric charge

PHYSICS

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1.1.1 Dimension analysis to verify homogenity


of an equation

The dimension on the left side must


be equal to the right hand side.
When this happened, the dimension
of an equation is said to be homogen

PHYSICS

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Table 1.1 shows all the basic (base) quantities.

Quantity

Symbol

SI Unit

Symbol

Dimension

Length

metre

Mass

kilogram

kg

Time

second

T/

kelvin

Electric current

ampere

Amount of
substance

mole

mol

Temperature

Table 1.1

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Table shows some examples of derived quantity.


Derived quantity

Symbol

Formula

Unit

Dimensions

Velocity

Length/time

m s-1

Volume

m3

Acceleration

Velocity/time

m s-2

Density

Mass/volume

kg m-3

Momentum

Mass*velocity

kg m s-1

Force

Mass*acceleration

kg m s-2

MLT-2

Energy

Force*length

ML2T-2

Pressure

Force/area

kg m-1s-2

ML-1T-2

Frequency

1/time

s-1

PHYSICS

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1.1.2 Unit Prefixes

It is used for presenting larger and smaller values.


Table 1.3 shows all the unit prefixes.
Prefix

Table 1.3

Multiple

Symbol

tera

1012

giga

109

mega

106

kilo

103

deci

101

centi

102

milli

103

micro

106

nano

10-9

pico

1012

Examples:
5740000 m = 5740 km = 5.74 Mm
0.00000233 s = 2.33 106 s = 2.33 s

PHYSICS

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Useful Conversion
Factors:

1
1
1
1

inch = 2.54
m = 3.28
mile = 5280
mile = 1.61

cm
ft
ft
km

PHYSICS

65km
h18m
s
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CHAPTER 1

Example 1.1 :

Solve the following problems of unit conversion.


a. 15 mm2 = ? m2

b. 65 km h1 = ? m s1

c. 450 g cm3 = ? kg m3
Solution :
a. 15 mm2 = ? m2

1 mm 2 ......m 2
1 mm 2 10 6 m 2

b. 65 km h-1 = ? m s-1

65

10
m
1

65 km h

1
h

65

10
m
1

65 km h
.......... s

PHYSICS

3
3
450gcm
4.5105kgm
CHAPTER 1

c. 450 g cm-3 = ? kg m-3

450 g cm 3

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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

Exercise
1. A hall bulletin board has an area of 250 cm2. What is this area in
square meters ( m2 ) ?
2.

The pressure inside and outside a bubble of radius r, are p1 and p2


respectively.The pressure difference ,p1-p2 is given by the
expression
p1-p2=2T/r

Determine

a) The SI unit of T
b) The Dimensional expression for T
3. Convert the following into its SI unit:
(a) 80 km h1 = ? m s1
(b) 450 g cm3 = ? kg m3
(c) 15 dm3 = ? m3
(d) 450 K = ? C
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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

Learning Outcome:

1.2 Scalars and Vectors


At the end of this chapter, students should be able
to:
a) Define scalar and vector quantities,
b) Perform vector addition and subtraction
operations graphically.
c) Resolve vector into two perpendicular
components (2-D)

Components in the x and y axes.


Components in the unit vectors
in Cartesian coordinate.
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PHYSICS

ABAcoisnBAcoins
CHAPTER 1

Learning Outcome:

1.2 Scalars and Vectors

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:


d) Define and use dot (scalar) product;

e) Define and use cross (vector) product;

Direction of cross product is determined by


corkscrew method or right hand rule.

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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

1.2 Scalars and Vectors

Scalar quantity is defined as a quantity with magnitude only.

e.g. mass, time, temperature, pressure,


electric current, work, energy and etc.
Mathematics operational : ordinary algebra
Vector quantity is defined as a quantity with both magnitude
& direction.

e.g. displacement, velocity, acceleration,


force, momentum, electric field, magnetic
field and etc.
Mathematics operational : vector algebra

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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1
1.2.1 Vectors
Vector A

Length of an arrow magnitude of vector A


Direction of arrow direction of vector A

Table 1.4 shows written form (notation) of vectors.


displacement

Table 1.4

velocity

v
v

s (bold)

v (bold)

acceleration

a
a

a (bold)

Notation of magnitude of
vectors.

v v

a a

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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

Two vectors equal if both magnitude and direction are the same.
(shown in figure 1.1)

Figure 1.1


PQ

If vector A is multiplied by a scalar quantity


Then, vector A is

kA

kA

if k = +ve,
+ve the vector is in the same direction as
vector A.
if k = -ve,
-ve the vector is in the opposite direction
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of vector A.

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1
1.2.2 Direction of Vectors

Can be represented by using:


a) Direction of compass,
compass i.e east, west, north, south,
north-east, north-west, south-east and south-west
b) Angle with a reference line
e.g. A boy throws a stone at a velocity of 20 m s-1, 50
above horizontal.

v
50

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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1
c) Cartesian coordinates

2-Dimension (2-D)

s ( x, y ) (1 m, 5 m)
y/m
5

s
1

x/m

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PHYSICS

s
CHAPTER 1

3-Dimension (3-D)

s ( x, y , z ) ( 4, 3, 2) m
r
s ...i +...j + ..k
y/m
3

z/m

x/m

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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

d) Polar coordinates

F 30 N,150

150

e) Denotes with + or signs.


signs

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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

Unit vectors
A unit vector is a vector that has a magnitude of 1 with no units.

Are use to specify a given direction in space.

i , j & k is used to represent unit vectors


pointing in the positive x, y & z directions.

| i | = | j | = | k | = 1

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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1
1.2.3 Addition of Vectors

There are two methods involved in addition of vectors


graphically i.e.
Parallelogram

Triangle
A B
For example : R(resultant vector) =

Parallelogram


A B


A B

B
O

Triangle

B
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PHYSICS

2AB
CHAPTER 1

A B 2 A 2 B

2B

2A

2 A B 2 A 2B

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CHAPTER 1

1.2.4 Subtraction of Vectors


For example C
: D

A negative vector
D
direction

is a vector

acting in the opposite

C DC D

D
C

D
D

PHYSICS

Parallelogram
C

Triangle

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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1
1.2.5 Unit Vectors

, b, c
notations a

E.g. unit vector


direction

a a vector with a magnitude of 1 unit in the

of vector A.

A
a 1
A

a 1

Unit vectors are dimensionless.

Unit vector for3 dimension axes :

x - axis i @ i (bold )
y - axis j @ j (bold )
z - axis k @ k (bold )

i j k 1
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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

z
Vector can be written in term of unit vectors as :

r rx i ry j rz k

Magnitude of vector,

rx 2 ry 2 rz 2
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PHYSICS

E.g. : s

CHAPTER 1

4i 3 j 2k m

4 2 3 2 2 2
y/m

5.39 m

3 j

2k
z/m

4i

x/m

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PHYSICS

A
B

A
A
BcosBAcosB
CHAPTER 1

1.2.6 Multiplication of Vectors

Scalar (dot) product


The physical meaningof the
scalar product can be explained by
considering two vectors
as shown in Figure 1.4a.
A and
B

Figure 1.4a

Figure 1.4b shows the projection of vector


B
vector
.

A B A component of B parallel to A

Figure 1.4b

onto the direction of A

Figure 1.4c

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Figure
1.4c
shows
the
projection
of
vector
onto
the
direction
of
A B B component of A parallel to B

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

From the Figure 1.4b, the scalar product can be defined as


A B A B cos

meanwhile from the Figure 1.4c,


B A B A cos

where
: angle between two vectors
The scalar product is a scalar quantity.
quantity
The angle
When

ranges from 0 to 180 .


scalar product is positive
0 90

9 0 180
90

scalar product is negative


scalar product is zero

The scalar product obeys the commutative law of multiplication



i.e.
A B B A
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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

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