Chapter -1

Individuals as
Leader
1

What is Leadership?

Define Leadership
There are many ways to

finish the sentence,

Leadership is..?

Define Leadership (Contd)

Following components can be

identified as central to the

phenomenon:
(a) Leadership is a process,
(b) leadership involves influence,
(c) leadership occurs in groups,
(d) leadership involves common
goals.
4

Leadership Process
Remember Leadership is a process

and this important process has three

important components/ingredients.
1) Leader
2) Followers and
3) Situation.
These three components play very

important role on the process of

leadership.

Let us always meet each other with smile for the smile is
the beginning of love.
Mother Teresa

Martin Luther King, 1963

I have a dream that one day my
four children will live in a
nation where they will not be
judged by the colours of their
skin but by the content of their
character. I have a dream
today.
8

No religion is higher than humanity,

Abdul Sattar Edhi

Leaders

10

Why Leadership is
Important?

Why Leadership is Important?

A well known management guru, Peter

Drucker, who has been a consultant to

GE and other organization around the
globe, says that,
Above all, the performance of the
managerial leadership determines the
success or failure of the organization.
In US 60 % of employees believe that
their organizations are not well
managed, and 77 % are not happy with
their jobs.
The number one reason that employees
stay or leave is how they are treated by
their leaders.

12

Assigned Versus Emergent

Leadership

13

Assigned Versus Emergent

Leadership
Some people are leaders because of

their formal position in an organization,

whereas others are leaders because of
the way other group members respond
to them.
These two common forms of leadership
are called assigned leadership and
emergent leadership.
Leadership that is based on occupying a
position in an organization is assigned
leadership. Team leaders, plant
managers, department heads, directors
etc..

14

Emergent Leadership
When others perceive an individual as

the most influential member of a group

or an organization, regardless of the
individuals title, the person is exhibiting
emergent leadership.
Researchers have found that personality
plays a role in leadership emergence.
Some of the positive communication
behaviors that account for successful
leader emergence include being verbally
involved, being informed, seeking
others opinions, initiating new ideas
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Leadership and Power

The concept of power is related to

leadership because it is part of the

influence process.
Power is the capacity or potential to
influence. People have power when they
have the ability to affect others beliefs,
attitudes, and courses of action.
Ministers, doctors, coaches, and

teachers are all examples of people who

have the potential to influence us
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Two Types of Power

Position Power vs. Personal

Power

Leadership & Power

Power

The capacity or

potential to
influence.
Ability to
affect others
beliefs,
attitudes &
actions

Bases
Bases of Power
French
French & Raven (1959)

Referent
Expert
Legitimate
Reward
Coercive

Leader Vs. Managers

To manage means to accomplish
activities and master routines,
whereas to lead means to influence
others and create visions for
change.

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Mintzbergs Managerial Roles

1. Interpersonal
3. Decisional
Figurehead
Entrepreneur
Leader
Disturbance
hander
Liaison
Resource
2. Informational
allocator
Monitor
Negotiator
Disseminator
Spokesperson

Chapter 2

Chapter 2
Trait Approach

Overview
Great Person Theories
Historical Shifts in Trait Perspective
What Traits Differentiate Leaders

From Nonleaders?
How Does the Trait Approach Work?

Great Person Theories

Trait Approach: one of the first systematic
attempts to study leadership
Great Man Theories

(early 1900s)

Focused on identifying
innate qualities and
characteristics
possessed by great
social, political, &
military leaders, like
Mohandas Gandhi, Indira
Gandhi, Abraham

Are Leaders Born or Made?

Legendary football coach Vince

Lombardi once said,

Contrary to the opinion of

many people, leaders are not

born and leaders are made and
they are made of effort and
hard work.

Historical Shifts in Trait Perspective

Early 1900s

Great Man
Theories
Research focused
on individual
characteristics
that universally
differentiated
leaders
from nonleaders
Innate Qualities

1930-50s

Traits Interacting
With Situational
Demands on Leaders

1970s - Early 90s

Revival of Critical Role of

Traits in Leader
Effectiveness

Landmark Stogdill (1948) Stogdill (1974)

study - analyzed and

- Analyzed 163 new
synthesized 124 trait studies
studies
- Leadership
with 1948 study findings
reconceptualized
- Validated original study
as a relationship between - 10 characteristics
people in a social situation positively identified with
leadership
Mann (1959) reviewed 1,400
findings of personality and Lord, DeVader, &
leadership in small groups Alliger (1986) meta-analysis
- Personality traits can be
- Suggested personality traitsused to differentiate
could be used to discriminate
leaders/nonleaders
leaders from nonleaders
Kirkpatrick & Locke (1991)
- 6 traits make up the
Situations
Right Stuff for leaders
Personality / Behaviors

Today

5 Major
Leadership
Traits

Intelligence
Self-Confide
Determinatio
Integrity
Sociability

Leadership Traits
Studies of Leadership Traits and Characteristics

Major Leadership Traits

Intelligence
Leaders tend to have higher
intelligence than non leaders.
Having strong verbal ability,
perceptual ability, and reasoning
appears to make one a better leader.
The research also indicates that a

leaders intellectual ability should

not differ too much from that of the
subordinates.

Intelligence

Steve Jobs
An example of a leader for whom

intelligence was a key trait was Steve

Jobs, founder and CEO of Apple
Computers. Jobs once said, I have this
really incredible product inside me and
I have to get it out (Sculley, 2011, p.
27). Those visionary products, first the
Apple II and Macintosh computers and
then iMac, iPod, iPhone, and iPad, have
revolutionized the personal computer
and electronic device industry,
changing the way people play and work.

Self Confidence
Self-confidence is another trait
that helps one to be a leader.
Self-confidence is the ability to
be certain about ones
competencies and skills. It
includes a sense of self esteem
and self assurance and the belief
that one can make a difference.
Steve Jobs

Determination
Many leaders also exhibit
determination. Determination is the
desire to get the job done and
includes characteristics such as
initiative, persistence, dominance,
and drive.

Integrity
Integrity is the quality of

honesty and trustworthiness.

They are loyal, dependable, and

not deceptive. Basically,

integrity makes a leader
believable and worthy of our
trust.

Look for three things in a

person: intelligence,
energy, and integrity. If
they dont have the last
one, dont even bother.
Warren Buffet

Sociability
Leaders who show sociability

are friendly, outgoing,

courteous, tactful, and
diplomatic.
They are sensitive to others

needs and show concern for

their well-being.

5-Factor Personality Model &Leadership

Big Five Personality Factors

5-Factor Personality Model & Leadership

Big Five & Leadership
Study using meta-analysis (Judge et al, 2002)
Results a strong relationship between
personality traits and leadership
Extraversion factor most strongly

associated with leadership

Most important trait of effective leaders

Conscientiousness 2nd most related factor

Neuroticism & Openness next most related

Agreeableness also associated with

leadership

Application of Trait Approach

Personality
Assessments

Leader

Focuses

exclusively on
leader
What trait
leaders exhibit
Who has these
traits

Organizations use

personality assessments
to find Right people

Assumption - will
increase organizational
effectiveness
Specify
characteristics/traits for
specific positions

Personality assessment
measures for fit
Instruments: Myers Briggs

Strengths of Trait Approach

Intuitively

appealing

Perception that
leaders are different
in that they possess
special traits
People need to
view leaders as
gifted

Credibility due to a

century of research
support

Highlights

leadership
component in the
leadership
process
Provides

benchmarks for
what to look for
in a leader

Criticisms
Fails to delimit a

definitive list of
leadership traits

Endless lists have

emerged

Doesnt take

into account
situational
effects

Leaders in one
situation may not be
leaders in another
situation

Research fails to

look at traits in
relationship to
leadership outcomes
(of groups in org:
settings,
productivity,
satisfaction etc..)
Not useful for

training &
development

Why Leaders fail?

Characteristics of leaders who fail

Rude and unapproachable
Cold and arrogant
Untrustworthy
Self-centered and knowing others
Poor performers
Unable to delegate
Micro-Managing(does not build a

team)

Eckhard Pfeiffer (CEO)

Discover Your Leadership in Your Life

Story
1. During your early years, which people had the greatest

impact on you?
2. Starting with your earliest memories, which experiences
marked key turning points in your life?
3. In which experiences did you find the greatest inspiration and

passion for your leadership?

4. Can you identify instances where you were dissatisfied with

your leadership or received constructive feedback from others

about it?

5. Do the failures or disappointments you experienced earlier in

your life constrain you, even today, or have you been able to
reframe them as learning experiences?