Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
MEMPEROLEH
PENGETAHUAN
PERTANYAAN (CURIOUSITY )
(fenomena alam)
MEMENUHI
KEINGINTAHUAN
KEHIDUPAN
(api, alat)
KESEJAHTERAAN
UMAT MANUSIA
FENOMENA ALAM
MEMPEROLEH
1. PERTANYAAN
2. SUMBER PENGETAHUAN
Otoritas
Pengalaman pribadi
Penalaran deduktif
Penalaran induktif
METODE ILMIAH
(SCIENTIFIC METHOD)
PENGETAHUAN
INFORMASI
RESEARCH
A process that combines formal,
structured inquiry with acceptable
scientific method with the intent to
answer questions, solve problems,
and to contribute to generalizable
knowledge
MASALAH
(SCI. METH.)
PEMECAHAN MASALAH
KONTRIBUSI IP
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
1. The systematic investigation into and a
study of materials, sources etc., in order to
establish facts and reach new conclusions.
2. An endeavour to discover new or collate
old facts etc. by the scientific study of a
subject or by a course of critical investigation
3. Organized, structured and purposeful
attempts to gain knowledge about a
suspected relationship (hypothesis)
RESEARCH
What for? Why? How?
To gain knowledge
WHY DO RESEARCH?
Secara operasional
PENELITIAN ?
PROBLEM
SCI. METH.
EVIDENCE
CONCLUSION
VALIDATED
GEN. PRINCIPLES
1. An orderly investigation of a
defined PROBLEM
2. Using an appropriate
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
3. To gather adequate and
representative EVIDENCE
4. Producing CONCLUSIONS
drawn from logical reasoning
without bias
5. That can be VALIDATED*
6. Yield GENERAL PRINCIPLES or
LAWS that may applied in
similar conditions
(* Verifikasi/falsifikasi)
KARAKTERISTIK*
PENELITIAN
1. PROSES koleksi, analisis dan interpretasi info.
untuk menjawab pertanyaan (masalah)
2. KUALIFIKASI: proses harus memp. karakteristik
tertentu:
- controlled (terkendali semaksimal mungkin)
- rigorous** (kuat/tangguh), sistematik,
valid dan verifiable
- empirical
- critical (kritis)
(** rigorous: relevant, appropriate, justified)
UNTUK DIKATAKAN PENELITIAN:
karakteristik2 diatas harus dipenuhi
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
A body of techniques for investigating
phenomena, acquiring new knowledge,
or correcting and integrating previous
knowledge
(To be termed scientific, a method of
inquiry must be based on empirical and
measurable evidence subject to
specific principle of reasoning)
SCI. METH.
A method or procedure that has
characterized natural science
consisting in systematic observation,
measurement, and experiment, and the
formulation, testing, and modification
of hypothesis
SCI. METH.
Linearized, pragmatic scheme
(sometimes offerred as a guideline to
proceeding):
1. Define a question
2. Gather info. and resources (observe)
3. Form an explanatory hypothesis
4. Test the hypothesis by performing an
experiment
METODE ILMIAH
(SCIENTIFIC METHOD)
STEPS IN
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Langkah-langkah berikut ini dirancang untuk
mencapai RELIABILITAS dan VALIDITAS:
1. Recognition that knowledge stems from
OBSERVATIONS
2. Define THE PROBLEM. Why and what is to
be achieved
3. Formulate a research PLAN including
appropriate strategies, domains and
techniques.
The purpose of the plan should be directed
towards HYPOTHESIS CONSTRUCTION
(induction) or HYPOTHESIS TESTING
(deduction)
HYPOTHESIS:
ANALYSIS:
Contoh PREDIKSI
Radiasi sinar X - kematian mencit
Radiasi sinar X (5 hari, dosis Y)
7 hari kemudian: semua mencit mati
(Observasi: SITUASI PROBLEMATIK)
Pertanyaan: Apakah kematian mencit
1. karena radiasi sinar X?
2. karena sebab lain (mis. infeksi)?
(logikanya: radiasi sinar X
imunitas
infeksi
DITELITI
penurunan
kematian)
Diajukan HIPOTESIS:
kematian mencit (yang diradiasi sinar X )
disebabkan oleh infeksi
PREDIKSI (KONSEKUENSI
LOGIS/DEDUKTIF)*: If .., then .
JIKA kematian mencit karena infeksi, MAKA
pemberian antibiotika mencegah kematian
mencit
*YANG DIUJI/DITEST DI LAB.:
PREDIKSI HPT
METODE ILMIAH
KELEBIHAN:
1. UNPREJUDICED (TANPA PRASANGKA):
seseorang tak harus percaya pada peneliti
tertentu
Seseorang bisa redo (mengulangi)
eksperimen tsb.
(untuk menentukan apakah penelitiannya
benar/salah)
2. KESIMPULAN BENAR/BERLAKU tanpa dipengaruhi
oleh: kondisi jiwa/keyakinan agama/kesadaran
peneliti dan/atau subjek penelitian
3. HASIL BERSIFAT DAPAT DIULANGI
(REPEATABLE) oleh siapa saja
The
A felt of difficulty
2. Location & definition of the difficulty
3. Suggested solutions of the problem
(hypotheses)*
4. Deductively reasoning out the
consequences of the suggested solutions**
5. Testing the hypotheses by action
* (Dasar pembuatan hipotesis: induksi)
** Konsekuensi logis/deduktif
CONDUCTING RESEARCH
SOLVING A PUZZLE
Requires:
1. A strategy or plan
6. Organizational skills
2. Critical thinking
7. Permission
3. Motivation
8. Monetary support
4. Diligence
9. Common sense
5. A good environment
RESEARCH PROCESS*
1. Formulating the research PROBLEM
2. Extensive LITERATURE REVIEW
3. Developing THE OBJECTIVES
4. Preparing THE RESEARCH DESIGN (including
Sample Design)
5. COLLECTING THE DATA
6. ANALYSIS OF DATA
7. GENERALIZATION and INTERPRETATION
8. CONCLUSION
9. Preparation of REPORT or PRESENTATION of
RESULTS
Prinsip ilmiah !
* Lihat RESEARCH PARADIGM
RESEARCH PARADIGM
(WHO, 1976)
(read) THEORY/CONCEPT (review)
PROBL. (explain/
predict)
(read)
DESIGN
FINDINGS
operationalize)
(review)
(choose)
(disseminate/store)
INSTR.
REPORT
(draw)
(write)
(discuss)
FINDING
(construct)
SAMPLING
(apply)
SAMPLES
RESULTS
(interpret)
(organize/present/
compute/analyze
(collect)
DATA
CIRI-CIRI PENELITIAN
Memakai
RESEARCH
Kerlinger (1973):
A systematic, controlled, empirical and critical
investigation of hypothetical propositions about the
presumed relations among natural phenomena
Hillway (1956):
A method of study of which through the careful and
exhaustive investigation of all ascertainable
evidence bearing upon a definable problem, we
reach a solution to that problem
(ascertainable: dapat diketahui)
RESEARCH
A repeated search to the unknown
PENELITIAN
1. CARA MEMECAHKAN MASALAH
2. JALAN PIKIRAN
(Melihat fakta
Data yang berbicara)
3. PROSES
(Dengan metode ilmiah
Memecahkan
masalah)
PENELITIAN KLINIS
(CLINICAL RESEARCH/STUDY)
PENELITIAN KLINIS:
1. Melibatkan penelitian yang menggunakan manusia
sebagai relawan (volunteers; partisipan) dengan tujuan
menambah pengetahuan kedokteran
2. Metode mempelajari cara2 baru dan lebih baik
untuk membantu masyarakat agar lebih sehat
3. Hasil penelitian klinis menentukan apakah gagasan2
baru tsb. bekerja (berfungsi) lebih baik dalam
pengobatan dan pencegahan penyakit
(PENELITIAN KLINIS dan keterlibatan anda
BERPERAN PENTING DALAM MENINGKATKAN
DERAJAT KESEHATAN )
JENIS (TIPE)
PENELITIAN KLINIS
PENEL. KLINIS:
vital untuk memahami mekanisme penyakit,
perlakuan (treatment) yang aman (safe) dan efektif,
dan medikasi (pengobatan) serta isyu2 mengenai
populasi
PENELITIAN KLINIS
(CLINICAL RESEARCH)
I. PENELITIAN
OBSERVASIONAL
(OBSERVATIONAL
STUDIES)
I I. PENELITIAN
EKSPERIMENTAL
(INTERVENTIONAL/
TREATMENT STUDIES)
I. OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH*:
menggunakan data yang dikoleksi selama
layanan klinis rutin untuk menganalisis:
- kesehatan populasi
- riwayat alami penyakit
- keamanan (safety) dan cost-effectiveness
perlakuan (treatments) dan terapi yang
dipakai dalam praktek klinis sehari-hari
(* partisipan diikuti selama periode waktu
tertentu diobservasi kesehatannya selama
berbulan-bulan/bertahun-tahun, tanpa
mengubah treatment-nya)
Tidak
TIPE (JENIS)
PENELITIAN
Penelitian bisa diklasifikasi berdasarkan
tiga perspektif berikut ini:
1. Aplikasi (penerapan)
2. Objektif (tujuan)
3. Cara (modus) yang dipakai
2. OBJEKTIF (TUJUAN):
(1). Deskriptif
Mendeskripsikan situasi, masalah,
fenomena,
layanan/service, program secara
sistematis
Menyumbangkan info. tentang
kondisi/kehidupan masyarakat, atau sikap
terhadap suatu issue/persoalan
(2). Korelasional
Menemukan atau memantapkan adanya
relasi/interdependensi antara dua/lebih
aspek suatu situasi
(3). EKSPLANATORIS
Mengklarifikasi mengapa dan bagaimana
terjadinya relasi antara dua/lebih aspek
suatu
situasi/fenomena
(4). EKSPLORATIF
Mengeksplor/menjelajah suatu area yang baru
sedikit diketahui/diteliti, atau meneliti
kemungkinan melakukan penelitian tertentu
(feasibility/pilot study)
Pada prakteknya kebanyakan penelitian
merupakan kombinasi ketiga kategori teratas.
*PERLU PETA/PEDOMAN/KOMPAS:
METODOLOGI PENELITIAN