Sistem Imunologi

Oleh: dr. M Faiq Sulaif

Kuliah Ilmu Dasar Keperawatan
Program S1 Ilmu Keperawatan
STIKES MUHAMMADIYAH LAMONGAN

Organ
Limfoid

Struktur Kelenjar Getah Bening

Fisiologi
Kelenjar Getah
Bening

Hubungan Sistem
Limfatik dan Pembuluh
Darah

Struktur Limpa

Fungsi Limpa
Within the white pulp, B cells and T cells carry out

immune functions, similar to lymph nodes, while

spleen macrophages destroy blood-borne
pathogens by phagocytosis.
Within the red pulp, the spleen performs three
functions related to blood cells:
1. removal by macrophages of ruptured, worn out,
or defective blood cells and platelets;
2. storage of platelets, up to one-third of the bodys
supply;
3. production of blood cells (hemopoiesis) during
fetal life.

Struktur Thymus

Struktur Tonsil

Red Bone Marrow

Peran Sel Darah

Sistem Imun Tubuh

Sistem Barier Tubuh

1. The stratum corneum of the epidermis of the skin is non-living, and when
unbroken is an excellent barrier to pathogens of all kinds. The fatty acids
in sebum help limit the growth of bacteria on the skin. The living cells of
the epidermis produce defensins, which are antimicrobial chemicals.
2. The mucous membranes of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and
reproductive tracts are living tissue, yet still a good barrier.

Fagosit dan Fagositosis

Demam
A fever is an elevation of core temperature caused by a

resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat.

The most common causes of fever are viral or bacterial
infections and bacterial toxins; other causes are ovulation,
excessive secretion of thyroid hormones, tumors, and
reactions to vaccines.
When phagocytes ingest certain bacteria, they are stimulated
to secrete a pyrogen, a fever-producing substance.
One pyrogen circulates to the hypothalamus and induces
neurons of the preoptic area to secrete prostaglandins.
Some prostaglandins can reset the hypothalamic thermostat
at a higher temperature, and temperature-regulating reflex
mechanisms then act to bring the core body temperature up
to this new setting.
Antipyretics are agents that relieve or reduce fever. Examples
include aspirin, acetaminophen and ibuprofen, all of which
reduce fever by inhibiting synthesis of certain prostaglandins.

Demam

NK Cells
1. Natural
killer
(NK)
cells,
however, are large lymphocytes
with a nonspecific role.
2. They attack and lyse host cells
(cells of ones own body) that
have either turned cancerous or
become infected with viruses, as
well as bacteria and cells of
transplanted tissues.
3. When an NK cell recognizes an
abnormal cell, it secretes
proteins called perforins, which
bind to the enemy cell surface
and
make
holes
in
its
membrane.

Proses Inflamasi
The three stages of
inflammation are as
follows:
1.vasodilation
and
increased permeability
of bloodvessels,
2.Phagocyte emigration,
3.tissue repair.

Skema
Proses
Inflamasi

Neutrofl dan
Inflamasi

Agen Inflamasi

Peran Interferon
1. Interferons are a family of cytokines that
nonspecifically inhibit viral replication inside host cells.
2. Interferons are not specific. Many kinds of viruses
induce interferon synthesis, and interferons in turn can
inhibit the multiplication of many kinds of viruses.

Sistem Komplemen
The complement system is a

group of 20 or more globulins

that
aid
in
nonspecifc
resistance
and
specifc
immunity.
These
proteins include C1
through C9, factors B, D, and
P, plus several regulatory
proteins.
Complement provides a major
mechanism
for
destroying
foreign substances in the body.
MAC
is (membrane attack
complex)

Diferensiasi
Sel T dan Sel
B

Imunitas
Humoral
dan Seluler

Aktivasi Sel T Helper (CD-4) dan Sel T Sitotoksik

(CD-8)

Cara Kerja Sel T Helper

Cara Kerja Sel

T Sitotoksik

Aktivasi Sel B

Sistem Kekebalan Humoral

Antigen
Antigens have two important characteristics: immunogenicity

and reactivity.
1. Immunogenicity is the ability to provoke an immune
response by stimulating the production of specifc antibodies,
the proliferation of specifc T cells, or both. The term antigen
derives from its function as an antibody generator.
2. Reactivity is the ability of the antigen to react specifcally
with the antibodies or cells it provoked.
o Entire microbes or parts of microbes may act as antigens.
o Chemical components of bacterial structures such as flagella,
capsules, and cell walls are antigenic, as are bacterial toxins.
o Nonmicrobial examples of antigens include chemical
components of pollen, egg white, incompatible blood cells,
and transplanted tissues and organs.

Antigen
Typically, just certain small parts of a large antigen

molecule act as the triggers for immune responses.

These small parts are called epitopes, or
antigenic determinants.
Most antigens have many epitopes, each of which
induces production of a specifc antibody or
activates a specifc T cell.

Struktur Antibodi
1. Antibodies,
also
called
immune
globulins (Ig) or
gamma
globulins,
are proteins shaped
somewhat like the
letter Y.
2. Antibodies do not
themselves destroy
foreign antigens, but
rather
become
attached to such
antigens to label
them for destruction.

Macam dan Fungsi Antibodi

Kerja Antibodi

Respon Antibodi

Reaksi Hipersensitivitas Tipe I

(Alergi/Immediate)

Reaksi Hipersensitivitas Tipe II

(Sitotoksik)

Reaksi Hipersensitivitas Tipe III (Kompleks

Ag-Ab)

Reaksi Hipersensitivitas Tipe IV (Delayed)

Jazakumullah Khairan