Presentation on

Substation Protection, PLCC

& Automation System

By -:

Anuj Bhutani
Sr. Design Engineer (Engg-SS)
Corporate Engineering
Powergrid Corp. of India

Ltd.
1

FOLLOWING DEFINITIONS ARE GENERALLY USED IN POWER SYSTEM

PROTECTION:

1.

PROTECTION SYSTEM: A COMPLETE ARRANGEMENT OF

PROTECTION EQUIPMENT AND OTHER DEVICES REQUIRED TO
ACHIEVE A SPECIFIED FUNCTION BASED ON A PROTECTION
PRINCIPAL

2.

PROTECTION EQUIPMENT: A COLLECTION OF PROTECTION

DEVICES (RELAYS, FUSE ETC.) EXCLUDED ARE THE DEVICES
SUCH AS CTs, PTs, CBS etc.

3.

PROTECTION SCHEMES: A COLLECTION OF PROTECTION

EQUIPMENT PROVIDING A DEFINED FUNCTION AND INCLUDING
ALL EQUIPMENT REQUIRED TO SCHEME WORK.

OBJECTIVE OF RELAY PROTECTION

Protect persons and equipment in

the surrounding of the power system
Protect apparatus in the power
system
Separate faulty parts from the rest
of the power system to facilitate the
operation of the healthy part of the
system

REQUIREMENT OF PROTECTION SYSTEM:

1.

RELIABILITY

2.

SELECTIVITY

3.

STABILITY

4.

SPEED

5.

SENSITIVITY

1. RELIABILITY:
THE PROTECTION SYSTEM PROVIDED REQUIRED TO BE HIGHLY
RELIABLE FOR MAXIMUM UTILIZATION OF SYSTEM. TODAYS
SYSTEMS ARE VERY HUGE AND IN SUCH A HUGE SYSTEM, THE
RISK OF OCCURRING OF FAULT CAN NOT BE IGNORED. THE
PROTECTION SYSTEM MUST OPERATE TO ISOLATE THE FAULT
RELIABLY IS UTMOST IMPORTANCE. ANY NON OPERATION MAY
LEAD TO CATASTROPHIC CONSEQUENCE FOR POWER SYSTEM
AND MAY LEAD TO MULTIPLE FAILURE. THUS PROTECTION
SYSTEM MUST BE RELIABLE.

2. SELECTIVITY:
THE PROTECTION IS GENERALLY ARRANGED IN ZONES WHICH
SHOULD COVER THE POWER SYSTEM COMPLETELY, LEAVING NO
PART UNPROTECTED. WHEN A FAULT OCCURS THE PROTECTION
IS REQUIRED TO SELECT AND TRIP ONLY THE NEAREST CIRCUIT
BREAKERS TO AFFECT MINIMUM POSSIBLE OUTAGE. THIS
PROPERTY OF SELECTIVITY IS ALSO CALLED DISCRIMINATION
AND IS ACHIEVED BY TWO GENERAL METHODS:

a.

TIME GRADED SYSTEM

b.

UNIT SYSTEM

3. STABILITY:

THIS TERM APPLIED TO PROTECTION AS DISTINCT FROM THE

POWER SYSTEM, REFERS TO THE ABILITY OF THIS PROTECTION
SYSTEM TO REMAIN INERT TO ALL LOAD CONDITIONS AND FAULT
EXTERNAL (THROUGH FAULT) TO THE RELEVANT ZONE. THE
SYSTEM MUST REMAIN STABLE IN CASE OF FAULTS OCCURRING
OUTSIDE THE PROTECTED ZONE AND SHOULD NOT TRIP.

4. SPEED:
THE FUNCTION OF PROTECTION IS TO ISOLATE FAULTS FROM
THE POWER SYSTEM IN MINIMUM POSSIBLE TIME TO LIMIT THE
DAMAGE TO POWER SYSTEM EQUIPMENT THAT MAY BE
GENERATORS,
TRANSMISSION
LINES,
REACTORS,
TRANSFORMER, BUS BARS ETC. THE OBJECT IS TO SAFEGUARD
CONTINUITY OF SUPPLY BY REMOVING EACH DISTURBANCE
BEFORE IT LEADS TO WIDESPREAD AFFECT IN THE POWER
SYSTEM CAUSING MULTIPLE OUTAGES.

5. SENSITIVITY:
SENSITIVITY IS A TERM FREQUENTLY USED WHEN REFERRING TO
THE MINIMUM OPERATING QUANTITY THAT MAY BE CURRENT,
VOLTAGE OF A COMPLETE PROTECTION SYSTEM. THE
PROTECTION SYSTEM MUST BE ABLE TO SENSE THE FAULT IN
MINIMUM POSSIBLE VOLTAGE/CURRENT TO SUCCESSFULLY
IDENTIFY THE FAULT AND ISOLATE THE SAME.

10

EQUIPMENT TO BE PROTECTED

11

TRANSMISSION LINES
TRANSFORMERS
REACTORS
BUS BARS
CAPACITOR BANKS
ETC.

ELECTRICAL FAULTS IN
THE POWER SYSTEM

12

Transmission lines
Busbar
Transformer/ Generator

85%
12%
3%

Total

100%

13

Line Fault Statistics

Single phase to earth

Two phases to earth
Phase to phase faults
Three phase faults

80%
10%
5%
5%

The probability of line faults caused by lightnings are

0,2-3 faults/ 100 km and year
14

FAULT TYPES

15

Transient faults
are common on transmission lines, approximately 80-85%
lightning are the most common reason
can also be caused by birds, falling trees, swinging lines
etc.
will disappear after a short dead interval

Persistent faults
can be caused by a broken conductor fallen down
can be a tree falling on a line
must be located and repaired before normal service

MEASURING PRINCIPLES

16

Overcurrent protection
Differential protection
Phase comparison
Directional- wave
protection
Distance protection

THE PRINCIPLE OF
DISTANCE PROTECTION
ZK=Uk/Ik

Uk

Uk=0
metallic fault

Zk

Z<
17

Ik

THE PRINCIPLE OF DISTANCE

PROTECTION

Power lines have impedances of size 0.3- 0.4 ohm/

km and normal angles of 80 - 85 degrees in a 50Hz
systems.
A

ZL=R+jX

Z<

Z<
Zsec=

18

VTsec
VTprim

CTprim
CTsec

Zprim

The line impedance must be converted to secondary

values with the formula:

THE PRINCIPLE OF DISTANCE

PROTECTION
t
t3
t2
t1

l
A

B
f1
Z<

C
f3

f2
Z<

Z<

Z< t
t3
t2

19

t1

FIRST ZONE CHARACTERISTIC

SHOULD COVER AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE OF PROTECTED CIRCUIT AND OF

ADDITIONAL RESISTANCE.

FAST OPERATION: In most of the cases there is no intentional time delay except
few exceptions.

20

DIRECTIONAL DISCRIMINATION.

EXTENSION UPWARDS AND TO THE RIGHT SHOULD ENCLOSE AS MUCH OF

LINE IMPEDANCE AND ADDITIONAL RESISTANCE WITHOUT OVERREACH.

REACH IN RESISTIVE DIRECTION SHOULD BE LARGE ENOUGH TO COVER

LARGE RESISTANCE AND TO GET GOOD DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE BUT
LIMITED TO AVOID UNWANTED TRIPPING IN CASE OF LOAD ENCROACHMENT .

A LARGE RESISTIVE REACH MAY ALSO CAUSE OVERREACH IN CASE OF

SHORT LINES AND THIS NEEDS TO BE TAKEN CARE WHILE DOING THE RELAY
SETTING.

SECOND ZONE CHARACTERISTIC

21

EXTENSION UPWARDS (RECATIVE REACH) IS DECIDED BY

IMPEDANCE OF PROTECTED LINE AND SETTING OF ZONE-I OF
ADJACENT LINES.

RESISTIVE REACH OF ZONE - II CAN BE TAKEN SAME AS ZONE I.

HOWEVER, ADDITIONAL RESISTANCES ARE SEEN BY ZONE-II DUE
TO INFEED AND HENCE HIGHER SETTING FOR ZONE - II IS
ADVANTAGEOUS.

THIRD ZONE CHARACTERISTIC

THIS

IS THE WIDEST OF ZONES IN WHICH

TRIPPING CAN OCCUR AFTER LONGEST TIME
DELAY.
IS

REQUIRED TO GIVE REMOTE BACKUP

THOUGH IN MANY CASES IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO
GET COMPEREHENSIVE REMOTE BACK UP.
22

23

TRANSFORMER

24

Transformer is a static device used to transform the

electrical energy from one alternating current circuit to
another without any change in frequency.

Power Transformer is a vital link in a power

transmission system and distribution

A Power Transformer is an important and expensive

part of a power network.

The impact of a transformer fault is more serious than

a transmission line outage.

High availability of the power Transformer is therefore very

important in order to prevent disturbances in the power
networks transfer of power.
Following are important.

25

High quality transformer.

Operating the transformer within specified limits of

temperature and voltage.

Proper checking and maintaining OLTC.

Providing suitable protective relays and monitoring

devices.

WHY WE NEED TO PROTECT A

TRANSFORMER?
1.

26

To Protect the Transformer from severe damages.

2.

Time required to rectify the Transformer in case of

damages is more and it is very difficult.

3.

Operation of a power network, when the power

transformer is out of service is always difficult.

4.

Power Transformer fault therefore often is a more.

5.

severe disturbance for the network, than an overhead

line fault which usually can be repaired rather quickly.

TYPE OF FAULTS TYPE OF FAULTS

1.Incipient faults
2.Internal faults
3.External fault

27

WHAT ARE THE FAULTS WHICH CAN OCCUR IN

A TRANSFORMER OR CONDITIONS LEADING
TO FAULTS?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

28

Insulation Breakdown.
Phase to phase and Phase to Ground
Fault.
Reduced Cooling.
Over heating due to over excitation.
Oil contamination and leakage.
Aging of Insulation.
Turn to Turn Fault.
Overload Protection.

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
DIFFERENTIAL
RESTRICTED

PROTECTION

EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

DIRECTIONAL

OVER CURRENT PROTECTION

DIRECTIONAL

EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

BACK-UP

IMPEDANCE PROTECTION ( OPTIONAL)

OVER

FLUXING PROTECTION

OVER

LOAD PROTECTION (ALARM ONLY )

OTHER

MECHANICAL PROTECTION AS PER

MANUFACTURER

29

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

The protection of transformer can involve

following separate or integrated protection
systems
Protection of winding
Protection of Core
Oil based protection system
30

TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONWINDING PROTECTION

The techniques involved in the winding
protection are
Differential

Protection which may be low

impedance ( current operated ) or high
impedance type ( voltage operated).
Restricted earth fault protection.
Overload protection based on winding current
31

TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONWINDING PROTECTION

Overload

Protection based on sensing of

winding temperature.
Overload protection based on sensing of oil
temperature
Backup over current protection which is
designed to operate when the primary protection
of the system to which the transformer is feeding
fails
32

TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONCORE PROTECTION

33

Transformer core need to be protected form over

excitation. Over excitation condition is different form
the over voltage condition. Over excitation can
happen even when there is normal voltage associated
with low frequency.
Over excitation is provided on both the primary and
the secondary winding.

TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONOIL BASED PROTECTION

34

Buchholz relay is oil based protection which operates

on the principle of oil surges and detect and incipient
fault.
Oil temperature is also used to sound alarm and to
trip the transformer as required by the temperature
reading

TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONTANK PROTECTION

35

Each transformer is provided with pressure release

vent ( PRD )at one or more location depending upon
the size of the transformer. The PRD releases the gas
pressure of the transformer generated by some
abnormality thus preventing the transformer from
rupturing.
It is Main-2 to the Bucholz relay

REACTOR PROTECTION
DIFFERENTIAL
RESTRICTED

EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

DIRECTIONAL
BACK

OVER CURRENT PROTECTION / OR

UP IMPEDANCE PROTECTION / Back-up O/C & E/F

OTHER

36

PROTECTION

MECHANICAL PROTECTION AS PER MANUFACTURER

REACTOR PROTECTIONWINDING PROTECTION

Differential

Protection which may be low

impedance ( current operated ) or high
impedance
type ( voltage operated).
Before the introduction
of numerical relays
this protection was high impedance type in
general.
Restricted earth fault protection.
Backup impedance protection.
37

REACTOR PROTECTION- OIL

BASED PROTECTION

38

Buchholz relay is oil based protection which operates

on the principle of oil surges and detect and incipient
fault.
Oil temperature is also used to sound alarm and to
trip the reactor as required by the temperature
reading

REACTOR PROTECTIONTANK PROTECTION

39

Each transformer is provided with pressure release

vent ( PRD )at one or more location depending upon
the size of the transformer. The PRD releases the gas
pressure of the transformer generated by some
abnormality thus preventing the transformer from
rupturing.
It is Main-2 to the Bucholz relay

BUS BAR PROTECTION

Introduction:

40

The protection scheme for a power system should cover the whole system
against all probable types of faults.

An uncleared fault on Bus will cause extensive damage to the sub-station

equipment due to concentration of fault MVA. It may cause even grid
disturbance due to loss of number of feeders/transformers simultaneously.

Back up protection such as distance relays, Over current etc. do sense faults
in Bus Bar zone fault in cleared only after time delay.

Unit protection i.e. Phase comparison relays P-40. RALZB can not sense the
faults in bus Zone.

Hence Bus Bar protection scheme is compulsorily provided on EHV substations beyond 132kV Level.

BUS BAR PROTECTION

NEED FOR BUS PROTECTION
IN

ITS ABSENCE FAULT CLEARANCE TAKES PLACE IN ZONE-II OF

DISTANCE RELAY BY REMOTE END TRIPPING.
THIS

MEANS SLOW AND UNSELECTIVE TRIPPING AND WIDE

SPREAD BLACK OUT.

EFFECT OF DELAYED CLEARANCE

GREATER
INDIRECT

41

DAMAGE AT FAULT POINT.

SHOCK TO CONNECTED EQUIPMENTS LIKE SHAFTS OF

GENERATOR AND WINDINGS OF TRANSFORMER

BUS BAR PROTECTION

Bus Bar Faults:
1.

Majority of Bus Faults involve one phase and earth.

2.

A large proportion of Bus Bar faults result from human error rather than the
failure of switchgear components.

Protection Requirement:
1.

42

Speed is required for following reasons:

a.

Limitation of Consequential Damage

b.

Removal of Bus Faults in less time than could be achieved by Back up

protection so as to maintain the system stability.
The basis of most modern schemes is a differential system capable of
operating in a time of the order of one cycle.

BUSBAR PROTECTION SYSTEMS

Low Impedance Differential Protection

The most suitable protection scheme for Double and multiple busbar
Systems (with or without transfer bus) with feeders being switched
Between sections of the busbar, which operates with full selectivity
For all possible busbar configurations.

High Impedance Differential Protection

43

The High-impedance protection scheme, on the other hand, is a good

Solution for single busbar arrangements, 1 breaker systems or ring
Busbars, providing that appropriate dedicated CT cores are available
For this use alone.

REQUIREMENT OF INSTRUMENT
TRANSFORMERS

44

45

46

SAS (Substation Automation System)

A

Substation is said to be an
automated substation when the
control, protection, monitoring and
other Auxiliary equipments of a
substation can exchange information
among each other through
communication link and can receive or
send instructions on the basis of
predefined logics or through human
47 intervention.

How SAS Evolved

48

The possibility to build SAS (Substation

Automation System) rests on availability of
advanced, fast, and powerful microprocessors.
The result was an evolution of substation
secondary equipment, from electro-mechanical
devices to digital devices.
This in turn provided the possibility of
implementing SAS using several intelligent
electronic devices (IEDs) to perform the
required functions (protection, local and
remote monitoring and control, etc.).

IED (Intelligent Electronic Device)

49

As per IEC Any device

incorporating one or more
processors with the capability
of receiving or sending
data/control from or to an
external source (for example,
electronic multifunction meters,
digital relays, controllers)

General Principle of SAS

The general principles of the substation operation
have not changed, since their developing days.
Therefore the control and protection tasks remain
the same.
The objective of modern substation automation
(SA) is to solve these tasks in a more efficient and
economical way by using state of the art
information technologies (IT) and to provide more
functionality to work plant and systems harder

50

Conventional Control &

Protection

Fault
Recording

Control
Panel

ABB

ABB

225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1

225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1

ABB

Station Level

ABB

Busbar Protection

225kV LIGN E ABOBO 1

125VDC Distributuion Battery A

ABB

=D04+R01

225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1

125VDC Distributuion Battery A

125VDC Distributuion Battery B

=D04+R01

Process
Level
Switchyard
Equip.

225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1

=D04+R01

ABB

225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1

125VDC Distribution Battery A

=D04+R01

125VDC Distribution Battery B

ON/OFF

BAY CONTROL RELAY REC316*4

=W2

-Q2
SEL

-Q0

LOCAL C ONTROL

SEL

125VDC Distributuion Battery B

RTU 200IN 1 IN 2 IN 3 IN 4 IN 5 IN 6 IN 7 IN 8 OUT

11
43567821910
12
13
14
15
16
12345678-Q1
9113
12
14
15
160
c7824356111
915
10
11
12
13
14
16

=W1

TESTE
LAMPE

RTU 200IN 1 IN 2 IN 3 IN 4 IN 5 IN 6 IN 7 IN 8 OUT

ON/OFF

METERING

RTU 200 IN 1 IN 2 IN 3 IN 4 IN 5 IN 6 IN 7

ABB

OUVRIRFERMER
ABB

IN 8 OUT

ON/OFF

LINE PROTECTION RELAY R EL316*4

ESC

ABB

EXE

DISTANCE
LOC

BUSBAR PROTECTION REB500

ABB

For each Feeder a dedicated

and separate Control Panel

ABB

125VDC Distributuion Battery A

125VDC Distributuion Battery B

ABB

-Q1
SEL

Event
Recording

ABB

125VDC Distribution Battery B

1
38

SCADA
RTU

=D04+R01

=D04+R01

ABB

125VDC Distributuion Battery A

Bay Protection

225kV LIGN E ABOBO 1

=D04+R01

BMK
CB MB,
Isolator
MOM
Box

Local
Control
Extensive station
wide cabling

-Q2
-Q0

-Q9

-Q8

-Q1

51

Substation Automation System

Architecture Overviews
Conventional RTU

BCU

Decentralised RTU

Network Control Centre

GPS

Mimic Board

RTU

Master RTU

Station HMI

Sub-RTU

Sub-RTU

Prot

Prot

Station HMI

Ctrl

Prot

GPS

Ctrl

Prot

Gateway

Ctrl

Prot

Process

Hardwired

Serial connection
52

Station
Bus Data
Flow

Process
Bus
Data
53
Flow

AS Explained in IEC

The Process layer of the substation is related to gathering

information, such as Voltage, Current, and status
54
information, from the transformers and transducers

The Merging Units in a station sample the signals at an

agreed, synchronized rate. In this manner, any IED can
input data from multiple MUs
55

Present Practice in
POWERGRID
Present
Practice in
POWERGRID

Field
Field
Status
Status
value
value

Field
Field
Status
Status
value
value

CT/PT
CT/PT
Analogue Electrical
Signal

56

57

SAS Within Power System

management

Substation Automation System

58

SAS Control Levels

Lowest

59

Station HMI

Network Level

Station
Remote Control Center HMI
Level

Control, Protection IEDs

Process
(CB, Isolator Local Operation)

Bay Level
Apparatus
Level

Lowest

Priority

Control level

Highest

Regional System Coordination

Center HMI

Highest

AUTOMATED SUBSTATION

60

All signals are interlocked through software.

Relays are intelligent and can communicate to each other
through IEC61850 Protocol
Involves less hardwired connections/cabling
Compact
Operator uses a Console which are connected to Station
Controller (in redundant configuration) for Operation and
monitoring of S/S.

Functional Part of SAS as per

POWERGRID Tech. Spec.

61

Bay control Intelligence Electronic Devices (IED s) for

control and monitoring.
Station Human Machine Interface (HMI)
Redundant managed switched Ethernet Local Area
Network communication infrastructure with hot standby.
Gateway for remote control via industrial grade hardware
(to RCC) through IEC60870-5-101/104 protocol.
Gateway for Regional supervisory control (to RSCC), the
gateway
Remote HMI.
Peripheral equipment like printers, display units, key
boards, Mouse etc.

To achieve said functionality major

components of SAS
Hardware
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

62

Redundant Industrial grade

PC for main SERVER
Redundant Industrial grade
PC for HMI.
Disturbance Analysis work
station.
GPS Time Synchronizing
Equipment
Ethernet Switch with optical
& copper cable connectivity.
Industrial grade PC for
Gateway to RCC and RSCC.
Modems and
Communication link to RCC
and RSCC.

Software for
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

Operating System for main

servers, HMI PC, RCC & RSCC
PC.
Main Substation Automation
User Interface (HMI)
Alarms and Events management
Network Management
Database Management
Real time Display
Display builder.
Reporting & Trending.
Disturbance Analysis.
SAS Configuration.
Other Engineering applications
and utility software.
Gateway Software.

Relation between SAS

Components
S.No.

63

SAS Functionality
SAS
Hardware

SAS Software

1.

Main
SERVER

Collection of Data from

BCUs and IEDs, Storage
and Archiving of data in
SQL, Maintaining SQL Tables

OS, Main SA software,

Database Management,
Network Management,

2.

HMI PC

Display of SLD, alarms, Trends,

Events, operational commands.

OS, UI software, SA client

Software.

3.

Disturbance
Analysis and
Engineering
workstation

Automatic upload and viewing of

Disturbance Files, making
configuration changes, Performing
SAS Maintenance activities.

Engineering tools,
Disturbance Analysis, SA
configuration

4.

Gateway
PC

Conversion of data collected from

various equipments of SAS (BCU,
IED) through IEC 61850 protocol into
other protocols

OS, Gateway
Communication

SAS Architecture Provided by

Siemens

64

SAS Architecture Provided by M/s

Siemens

65

SAS Architecture Proposed by M/s

Siemens

66

SAS Architecture Provided by M/s

Areva

67

SAS Architecture Provided by M/s ABB

68

SAS Architecture Requirements

as per POWERGRID Technical
Specification

69

The SAS shall be based on a decentralized architecture and on a

concept of bay-oriented, distributed intelligence. Functions shall
be decentralized, object-oriented and located as close as possible
to the process.

The main process information of the station shall be stored in

distributed databases. The typical SAS architecture shall be
structured in two levels, i.e. in a station and a bay level.

At bay level, the IEDs shall provide all bay level functions
regarding control, monitoring and protection, inputs for status
indication and outputs for commands. The IEDs should be
directly connected to the switchgear without any need for
additional interposition or transducers.

SAS Architecture Requirements

as per POWERGRID Technical
Specification

70

Each bay control IED shall be independent from each

other and its functioning shall not be affected by any
fault occurring in any of the other bay control units of
the station. The data exchange between the electronic
devices on bay and station level shall take place via
the communication infrastructure. This shall be
realized using fibre-optic cables, thereby guaranteeing
disturbance free communication. The fibre optic cables
shall be run in G . I conduit pipes.

Data exchange is to be realised using IEC 61850

protocol with a redundant managed switched Ethernet
communication infrastructure The communication
shall be made in fault tolerant ring in redundant mode.

SAS Architecture Requirements

as per POWERGRID Technical
Specification

71

However failure of fiber shall be alarmed in SAS. Each fiber optic

cable shall have four (4) spare fibers at station level. The entire
station shall be controlled and supervised from the station HMI. It
shall also be possible to control and monitor the bay from the bay
level equipment at all times.

Clear control priorities shall prevent operation of a single switch

at the same time from more than one of the various control levels,
i.e. RCC, station HMI, bay level or apparatus level. The priority
shall always be on the lowest enabled control level.

The station level contains the station-oriented functions, which

cannot be realised at bay level, e.g. alarm list or event list related
to the entire substation, gateway for the communication with
remote control centres.

General Benefits of SAS

72

Interoperability between intelligent electronic devices (IED)

Integrated alarm log and sequence of events reporting
Integrated disturbance recording
User display and reporting capability from integrated database
Uniform HMI and dialogues for data access
Automatic logging of HMI access and operating activities
Early indication of instabilities
Reduced costs for new constructions
Readily accessible relay operation information
Reduced training costs of uniform database
Integrated database information
Maintenance scheduling can be streamlined

Major SAS Vendor

SAS
Components

73

M/s ABB

M/s Siemens M/s Areva

Automation Software

MicroSCADA
SYS600

SICAMPAS

PACiS

Relay Parameterization
and Cofiguration

PCM600

DIGSI

Micom S1 Studio

Disturbance Analyzing
Application

PCM600

SIGRA

WAVE Win

Main Server/HMI
Hardware

One Unit,
Redundant Industrial
grade PC

Separate Unit,
Redundant Industrial
grade PC

One Unit,
Redundant
Industrial grade PC

Communication
Infrastructure

Fiber Optic Ethernet

Fault Tolerant Ring

Fiber Optic Ethernet Fault

Tolerant Ring

Fiber Optic Ethernet

Fault Tolerant Ring

Communication Protocol

IEC61850

IEC61850

IEC61850

Introduction to IEC61850

IEC 61850
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS AND
SYSTEMS INSUBSTATIONS
It defines the communication between
intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) in the
substation and the related system
requirements.
74

History-IEC61850
Multiple protocols exist for substation automation,
which include many proprietary protocols with
custom communication links. Interoperation of
devices from different vendors would be an
advantage to users of substation automation
devices. An IEC project group of about 60 members
from different countries worked in three IEC working
groups from 1995. They responded to all the
concerns and objectives and created IEC 61850.

75

Need of IEC61850
The industrys experiences have demonstrated the
need and the opportunity for developing standard
communication protocols, which would support
interoperability of IEDs from different manufacturers.
Interoperability in this case is the ability to operate on
the same network or communication path sharing
information and commands. Interoperability is a
common goal for electric utilities, equipment vendors
and standardization bodies.
76

Goal of IEC-61850
Interoperability

The ability for IEDs from one or several

manufacturer to exchange information and use
the information for the their own functions.

Free Configuration The standard shall support different philosophies

and allow a free allocation of functions e.g. it will
work equally well for centralized (RTU like) or
decentralized systems.

77

Long Term Stability The standard shall be future proof, i.e.

it must be able to follow the progress in
communication technology as well as
evolving system requirements.

NEED OF PLCC(Power Line

Carrier Communication)

78

Communication is a vital area in Power System Operation.

For better Operation Of the grid, Communication between
two adjacent Sub-stations and with the Load Dispatch center
is a must.
Similarly for acquiring real time data from different generating
and major substations, communication link is a must for a
Load dispatch center.
Normally Generating stations and sub-stations are located at
remote locations where Communication facilities will not be
available or the efficiency of such facilities if available will be
very poor. The Operation cost of such communication
equipment is very high.

PLCC
This concept has resulted in the development of Power
Line carrier Communication where High Voltage and Extra
High Voltage Transmission lines themselves act as a
medium for sending Communication Signals apart from
Electric Power.

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Advantages of Power Line

Carrier Communication

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Its transmission reliability is high as that of Power lines themselves,

whereas telephone lines are much weaker mechanically and will
always fail under difficult conditions long before the overhead lines.
As the channels are solely used by Power utilities only and not by
general public , there will not be any traffic problem in
communication.
Carrier current transmission is not subjected to any variation from
atmospheric or ionospheric conditions such as always the case with
VHF and microwave systems.
In general the capital cost of carrier current equipment is
considerably less than the cost of installing VHF or Microwave
equipment, While maintenance is very less.

COUPLING EQUIPMENT USED FOR

COUPLING VOICE, TELEPROTECTION AND
TELEMETERING

1.Wave trap or Line trap

2.Coupling filter or CVT
3.Line matching unit.
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4.Balancing transformer

WAVE TRAP
Wave trap is an inductive device, which offers high
impedance To high frequency signals (all
communication signals after Modulation will be at radio
frequencies). Hence it will not allow Communication
signals towards substation equipment. Wavetrap
Offers negligible impedance to Power frequencies
hence Power Flow will be unaffected. Because of Wave
trap, even if the Line is earthed with line earth switch
(located behind Wavetrap) Communication will not be
affected.
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CVT
Capacitor Voltage Transformer in a sub-station will be
used For protection as well as a coupling device in PlCC.
CVT offers high impedance to Power Frequencies.
Hence EHV power can not enter communication
equipment. As CVT offers low Impedance to High
frequencies, Communication signals will Pass through
CVT to Transmission line.

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LMU(LINE MATCHING UNIT)

84

Transmission Line will have a Characteristic impedance

which depends upon Line configuration. For a 400 KV
line this will be 320 Ohms. per phase. Multiplexed
equipment will be generally available in control room.
(i.e.indoor). These equipment will be connected to
Outdoor equipment via a Co-axial cable which will have
75 ohms impedance. According to Maximum Power
transfer theorem source and load impedance should be
same for maximum power transfer. Hence a Line
Matching unit will be used to couple co-axial cable to
Transmitting medium.

BT (Balancing Transformer)
Balancing transformer will be used to prevent
unbalancing of the line impedance whenever one line
gets opened or earthed.

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DRAINAGE COIL
It is one of the three element protective device (earth
switch & L.A. being other two). this coil will be connected
to the point that connects CVT and LMU on one side &
the other side being earthed.
Dangerous High voltages Of the Power not blocked by
CVT will be earthed Through this drainage coil which
offers negligible impedance to the Power frequency.

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LA & EARTH SWITCH

The Lightning arrestor will be connected across LMU.
This will be used to protect PLCC outdoor and indoor
equipments against any surge voltages.
Earth switch will be used whenever work is to be
carried on outdoor equipments.

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TYPES OF COUPLINGS

88

Phase to Ground Coupling

Phase to Phase Coupling
Inter Line Coupling

Advantages of Power Line

Carrier Communication

89

90

THAN
K
YOU
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