10th Ed CH 34 Vertebrates (Short Version)

BIOLOGY
A Global Approach
TENTH EDITION
Global Edition
Campbell Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson
34
Vertebrates
Lecture Presentation by
Nicole Tunbridge and
Kathleen Fitzpatrick
2015 Pearson Education Ltd
For Bio 12 THQ, THR, and WFR, First Semester, 2016-2017

This set of slides is based mainly on Chapter 34 Vertebrates
of the 10th edition of Campbell Biology (2015).
The first slide, vertebrate vs. vertebrate, cuts across
animal reproduction (Chapter 45), animal evolution, and
ecological interaction (Chapter 53), which are to be taken
up later.
A few slides (convergent evolution, orders of mammals)
are intended for linking to the topic on evolution (Chapter
21) which will be discussed in November.
Points of emphases are indicated by arrows or in red or blue color,
or in boldface.
August 30, 2016
vertebrate vs. vertebrate

fringe-lipped bat
Trachops cirrhosus
in Panama
ballooning tngara
Physalaemus pustulosus
Half a Billion Years of Backbones

a) Early in the Cambrian period, about 530 million years
ago, an astonishing variety of invertebrate animals
inhabited Earths oceans
b) One type of animal gave rise to vertebrates, one of
the most successful groups of animals (See Chapter
32).
c) The animals called vertebrates get their name from
vertebrae, the series of bones that make up the
vertebral column (backbone).
Figure 34.1
This ancient organism was our ancestor?
d) One lineage of vertebrates colonized land 365 million

years ago
e) They gave rise to modern amphibians, reptiles
(including birds), and mammals
f) There are more than 57,000 species of vertebrates
(mostly fishes), including the largest organisms ever
to live on Earth
g) Vertebrates have great disparity, a wide range of
differences within the group
Concept 34.1: Chordates have a notochord

and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord.
a) Chordates (phylum Chordata) are bilaterian animals
that belong to the clade of animals known as
Deuterostomia (together with echinoderms)
b) Chordates comprise all vertebrates and two groups of
invertebrates, the urochordates and cephalochordates
Figure 34.2
Phylogeny of living chordates
Echinodermata
Chordates
Cephalochordata
ANCESTRAL
DEUTEROSTOME
Urochordata
Notochord
Common ancestor
of chordates
Vertebrates
Myxini
Petromyzontida
Vertebrae
Jaws, mineralized skeleton
Lobe-fins
Actinistia
Lungs or lung derivatives
Dipnoi
Amphibia
Reptilia
Amniotic egg
Mammalia
Milk
Amniotes
Limbs with digits
Tetrapods
Those in red
are emphasized.
Lobed fins
Osteichthyans
Actinopterygii
Gnathostomes
Chondrichthyes
Figure
34.2a
ANCESTRAL
Phylogeny of living chordates (part 1)
DEUTEROSTOME
Echinodermata
Cephalochordata
ANCESTRAL
DEUTEROSTOME
Urochordata
Notochord
Common ancestor
of chordates
Vertebrae
Those in red
are emphasized.
Myxini
Petromyzontida
Chondrichthyes
Figure 34.2b
Phylogeny of living chordates (part 2)
Chondrichthyes
Actinopterygii
Actinistia
Lungs or lung derivatives
Dipnoi
Lobed fins
Amphibia
Limbs with digits
Reptilia
Mammalia
Amniotic egg
Milk
The one in red

is emphasized.
Derived Characters of Chordates

a) All chordates share a set of derived characters.
b) Some species have some of these traits only during
embryonic development
c) Four key characters of chordates
i) Notochord
ii) Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
iii) Pharyngeal slits or clefts
iv) Muscular, post-anal tail
Figure 34.3
Chordate characteristics
Notochord
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
muscle
segments
mouth
anus
Post-anal tail
Pharyngeal slits or clefts
Notochord
a) The notochord is a longitudinal, flexible rod between
the digestive tube and nerve cord
b) It provides skeletal support throughout most of the
length of a chordate
c) In most vertebrates, a more complex, jointed skeleton
(vertebrae) develops, and the adult retains only
remnants of the embryonic notochord
Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord

a) The nerve cord of a chordate embryo develops from
a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the
notochord
b) The nerve cord develops into the central nervous
system: the brain and the spinal cord
Pharyngeal slits or clefts

a) In most chordates, grooves in the pharynx called
pharyngeal clefts develop into slits that open to the
outside of the body (via the atriopore)
b) Functions of pharyngeal slits
i) Suspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate
chordates
ii) Gas exchange in vertebrates (except vertebrates with
limbs, the tetrapods)
iii) Develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in
tetrapods
Muscular, post-anal tail

a) Chordates have a tail posterior to the anus
b) In many species, the tail is greatly reduced during
embryonic development
c) The tail contains skeletal elements and muscles
d) It provides propelling force in many aquatic species
Cephalochordata
Lancelets
a) Lancelets (Cephalochordata) are named for their
bladelike shape
b) They are marine suspension feeders that retain
characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults
Figure 34.UN01
Cephalochordata mini-tree, p. 714

Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Myxini
Petromyzontida
Chondrichthyes
Actinopterygii
Actinistia
Dipnoi
Amphibia
Reptilia
Mammalia
Figure 34.4a
1 cm
The lancelet Branchiostoma, a cephalochordate (part 1: photo)
1 cm
Figure 34.4
cirri
Notochord
mouth
Dorsal, hollow
nerve cord
Pharyngeal slits
atrium
digestive tract
atriopore
segmental
muscles
anus
Tail
The lancelet Branchiostoma, a cephalochordate (part 1)
Urochordata
Tunicates
a) Tunicates (Urochordata) are more closely related to
other chordates than are lancelets
b) Tunicates most resemble chordates during their
larval stage, which may last only a few minutes
c) As an adult, a tunicate draws in water through an
incurrent siphon, filtering food particles
d) When attacked, tunicates, or sea squirts, shoot
water through their excurrent siphon
Figure 34.UN02
Urochordata mini-tree, p. 715

Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Myxini
Petromyzontida
Chondrichthyes
Actinopterygii
Actinistia
Dipnoi
Amphibia
Reptilia
Mammalia
Figure 34.5
A tunicate, a urochordate
Water flow
Notochord
Incurrent
siphon
to mouth
Excurrent
siphon
Dorsal, hollow
nerve cord
Tail
Excurrent
siphon
Incurrent
siphon
Muscle
segments
Intestine
Stomach
Atrium
Pharynx with slits
(a) a tunicate larva
Excurrent
siphon
Anus
Intestine
Esophagus
Atrium
Pharynx
with
numerous
slits
Tunic
Stomach
(b) An adult tunicate (sessile)
(c) An adult tunicate
Figure 34.5a
Water flow
Notochord
Incurrent
siphon
to mouth
Dorsal, hollow
nerve cord
Tail
Excurrent
siphon
Incurrent
siphon
Muscle
segments
Intestine
Stomach
Atrium
Pharynx with slits
(a) A tunicate larva

Excurrent
siphon
Anus
Intestine
Esophagus
Stomach
Atrium
Pharynx
with
numerous
slits
Tunic
(b) An adult tunicate
Figure 34.5b
Incurrent
siphon
to mouth
Excurrent siphon:
where water exits
Atrium
Pharynx
with
numerous
slits
Tunic
(c) An adult tunicate

e) Tunicates are highly derived and have fewer Hox

genes than other vertebrates
Early Chordate Evolution

a) Ancestral chordates may have resembled lancelets
b) The same Hox genes that organize the vertebrate brain
are expressed in the lancelets simple nerve cord tip
c) Sequencing of the tunicate genome indicates that
i)
Genes associated with the heart and thyroid are common

to all chordates
ii) Genes associated with transmission of nerve impulses

are unique to vertebrates
Figure 34.6
Expression of developmental genes in lancelets and vertebrates

BF1
Otx
Hox3
Nerve cord of lancelet embryo

BF1
Hox3
Otx
Brain of vertebrate embryo

(shown straightened)
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Concept 34.2: Vertebrates are chordates that have a

backbone (vertebral column)
a) A skeletal system and complex nervous system
have allowed vertebrates efficiency at two essential
tasks
i) Capturing food
ii) Evading predators
Derived Characters of Vertebrates

a) Vertebrates have two or more sets of Hox genes;
lancelets and tunicates have only one cluster
b) Vertebrates have the following derived characters
i) vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord
ii) an elaborate skull
iii) fin rays, in the aquatic forms
The cyclostomes
Hagfishes and Lampreys
a) Fossil evidence shows that the earliest vertebrates
lacked jaws
b) Only two lineages of jawless vertebrates, cyclostomes,
remain today: the hagfishes and the lampreys
c) Members of these groups lack a backbone
d) The presence of rudimentary vertebrae and
the results of phylogenetic analysis indicate
that both hagfishes and lampreys are vertebrates
e) Together, the hagfishes and lampreys form a clade of

living jawless vertebrates, the cyclostomes
f) Vertebrates with jaws make up a much larger clade,
the gnathostomes
The cyclostomes
Hagfishes (Myxini)
a) Hagfishes (Myxini) are jawless vertebrates that have
a cartilaginous skull, reduced vertebrae, and
a flexible rod of cartilage derived from the notochord
b) They have a small brain, eyes, ears, and tooth-like
formations
c) Hagfishes are marine; most are bottom-dwelling
scavengers
Figure 34.7
a hagfish
slime glands
The cyclostomes
Lampreys (Petromyzontida)
a)Lampreys (Petromyzontida) are parasites that
feed by clamping their mouth onto a live fish
b)They inhabit various marine and freshwater
habitats
c) They have cartilaginous segments surrounding
the notochord and arching partly over the nerve
cord
Figure 34.8
a sea lamprey
Figure 34.8a
a sea lamprey
Figure 34.8b
a sea lamprey
Early Vertebrate Evolution
a)Fossils from the Cambrian explosion document

the transition to craniates
b)The most primitive of the fossils are those of the
3-cm-long Haikouella
c) Haikouella had a well-formed brain, eyes, and
muscular segments, but no skull or ear organs
Figure 34.9
5 mm
Segmented muscles
Pharyngeal slits
fossil of an early chordate
Figure 34.9a
Fossil of an early chordate (part 1: photo)
5 mm
Concept 34.5: Amniotes are tetrapods that have a

terrestrially adapted egg
a) Amniotes are a group of tetrapods whose living
members are the reptiles, including birds, and
mammals
Derived Characters of Amniotes

a) Amniotes are named for the major derived character
of the clade, the amniotic egg, which contains
membranes that protect the embryo
b) The extraembryonic membranes are the amnion,
chorion, yolk sac, and allantois
Figure 34.25
The amniotic egg
extraembryonic membranes
allantois
chorion
amniotic cavity
with amniotic fluid
embryo
yolk
(nutrients)
albumen
shell
amnion
yolk sac
extraembryonic membranes
c) The amniotic egg was a key adaptation to life on land

d) The amniotic eggs of most reptiles and some
mammals have a shell
e) Amniotes have other terrestrial adaptations, such as
relatively impermeable skin and the ability to use the
rib cage to ventilate the lungs
Birds
a)Birds are archosaurs, but almost every feature of
their reptilian anatomy has undergone
modification in their adaptation to flight
Derived Characters of Birds

a) Many characters of birds are adaptations that
facilitate flight
b) The major adaptation is wings with keratin feathers
c) Other adaptations include lack of a urinary bladder,
females with only one ovary, small gonads, and loss
of teeth
The Origin of Birds

a) Birds probably descended from small theropods,
a group of carnivorous dinosaurs
b) Early feathers might have evolved for insulation,
camouflage, or courtship display
c) By 160 million years ago, feathered theropods

had evolved into birds
d) Archaeopteryx remains the oldest bird known
Figure 34.33
Hummingbird feeding while hovering
Concept 34.6: Mammals are amniotes that have hair

and produce milk
a)Mammals, class Mammalia, are represented by
more than 5,300 species
b) By the early Cretaceous, the three living lineages of

mammals emerged: monotremes, marsupials, and
eutherians
c) Mammals did not undergo a significant adaptive
radiation until after the Cretaceous
d) In some species, such as the bandicoot, the

marsupium opens to the rear of the mothers body
e) In Australia, convergent evolution has resulted in a
diversity of marsupials that resemble the eutherians
in other parts of the world (to be mentioned again in
Chapter 21; see Fig. 34.39)
Convergent evolution of marsupials and eutherians (placental mammals)

Marsupial mammals Eutherian mammals
Figure 34.39
Plantigale
Marsupial
mole
Sugar
glider
Wombat
Deer mouse
Mole
Flying
squirrel
Woodchuck
Tasmanian
devil
Wolverine
Kangaroo
Patagonian
cavy
Figure 34.39a
Marsupial mammals
Eutherian mammals
Plantigale
Deer mouse
Marsupial
mole
Mole
Sugar
glider
Flying
squirrel
Marsupial mammals
Wombat
Tasmanian
devil
Kangaroo
Eutherian mammals
Woodchuck
Wolverine
Patagonian
cavy
Eutherians (Placental Mammals)

a)Compared with marsupials, eutherians have a
more complex placenta
b)Young eutherians complete their embryonic
development within a uterus, joined to the mother
by the placenta
c) Molecular and morphological data give conflicting
dates on the diversification of eutherians
Figure 34.40a
Exploring mammalian diversity (part 1b: phylogenetic tree)

Monotremes Marsupials
(5 species)
(324 species)
ANCESTRAL
MAMMAL
Monotremata
Marsupialia
Eutherians
(5,010 species)
Proboscidea
Sirenia
Tubulidentata
Hyracoidea
Afrosoricida
Macroscelidea
Xenarthra
Rodentia
Lagomorpha
Primates
Dermoptera
Scandentia
Carnivora
Cetartiodactyla
Perissodactyla
Chiroptera
Eulipotyphla
Pholidota
Figure 34.40aa Exploring mammalian diversity (part 1b: phylogenetic tree)
Monotremes Marsupials
(5 species)
(324 species)
ANCESTRAL
MAMMAL
Eutherians
(5,010 species)
Monotremata
Marsupialia
Proboscidea
Sirenia
Tubulidentata
Hyracoidea
Afrosoricida
Macroscelidea
Figure 34.40ab Exploring mammalian diversity (part 1b: phylogenetic tree)
Eutherians
(5,010 species)
Proboscidea
Sirenia
Tubulidentata
Hyracoidea
Afrosoricida
Macroscelidea
Xenarthra
Rodentia
Lagomorpha
Primates
Dermoptera
Scandentia
Carnivora
Cetartiodactyla
Perissodactyla
Chiroptera
Eulipotyphla
Pholidota
Figure 34.40b
Orders
and Examples
Monotremata
Main
Characteristics
Lay eggs; no nipples;
young suck milk from
fur of mother
Platypuses,
echidnas
Orders
and Examples
Marsupialia
Completes embryonic
development in pouch
on mothers body
Kangaroos,
opossums,
koalas
Koala
Echidna
Proboscidea
Long, muscular trunk;

thick, loose skin; upper
incisors elongated
as tusks
Elephants
Tubulidentata
Aardvark
Aquatic; finlike forelimbs and no hind
limbs; herbivorous
Manatees,
dugongs
Hyracoidea
Short legs; stumpy

tail; herbivorous;
complex, multichambered stomach
Hyraxes
Manatee
Xenarthra
Rock hyrax
Reduced teeth or no
teeth; herbivorous
(sloths) or carnivorous
(anteaters, armadillos)
Sloths,
anteaters,
armadillos
Tamandua
Lagomorpha
Rabbits, hares,
picas
Carnivora
Dogs, wolves,
bears, cats,
weasels, otters,
seals, walruses
Cetaceans:
whales,
dolphins,
porpoises
Squirrels,
beavers, rats,
porcupines,
mice
Primates
Sharp, pointed canine

teeth and molars for
shearing; carnivorous
Perissodactyla
Chisel-like, continuously
growing incisors worn
down by gnawing;
herbivorous
Red squirrel
Lemurs, monkeys,
chimpanzees,
gorillas, humans
Golden lion
tamarin
Indian rhinoceros
Hooves with an even
number of toes on each
foot; herbivorous
Chiroptera
Bats
Frog-eating bat
Bighorn sheep
Pacific whitesided porpoise
Opposable thumbs;
forward-facing eyes;
well-developed cerebral
cortex; omnivorous
Hooves with an odd

number of toes on
each foot; herbivorous
Horses,
zebras, tapirs,
rhinoceroses
Coyote
Cetartiodactyla
Artiodactyls:
sheep, pigs,
cattle, deer,
giraffes
Rodentia
Chisel-like incisors;
hind legs longer than
forelegs and adapted
for running and jumping; herbivorous
Jackrabbit
Indicates
mammalian
orders of interest;
for Chapter 21
Teeth consisting of
many thin tubes
cemented together;
eats ants and termites
Aardvarks
African elephant
Sirenia
Main
Characteristics
Aquatic; streamlined
body; paddle-like
forelimbs and no hind
limbs; thick layer of
insulating blubber;
carnivorous
Eulipotyphla
Core
insectivores:
some moles,
some shrews
Adapted for flight;

broad skinfold that
extends from elongated
fingers to body and
legs; carnivorous or
herbivorous
Eat mainly insects
and other small
invertebrates
Star-nosed
mole
Figure 34.40ba
Indicates mammalian orders of interest; for Chapter 21

Orders and Examples
Main Characteristics
Lay eggs; no nipples;
young suck milk from
fur of mother
Monotremata
Platypuses,
echidnas
Echidna
Completes embryonic
development in pouch
on mothers body
Marsupialia
Kangaroos,
opossums,
koalas
Koala
Figure 34.40bb
Be familiar with these orders for Chapter 21
Orders and Examples

Proboscidea
Elephants
African elephant
Sirenia
Manatees,
dugongs
Manatee
Tubulidentata
Aardvarks
Aardvark
Hyracoidea
Hyraxes
Rock hyrax
Long, muscular trunk;
thick, loose skin; upper
incisors elongated
as tusks
Aquatic; finlike forelimbs and no hind
limbs; herbivorous
Teeth consisting of
many thin tubes
cemented together;
eats ants and termites
Short legs; stumpy
tail; herbivorous;
complex, multichambered stomach
Figure 34.40bc
Orders and Examples

Xenarthra
Sloths,
anteaters,
armadillos
Tamandua
Lagomorpha
Rabbits, hares,
picas
for Chapter 52
Jackrabbit
Rodentia
squirrels,
beavers,
rats, porcupines,
mice
red squirrel
Primates
lemurs, monkeys,
chimpanzees,
gorillas, humans
golden lion tamarin
Reduced teeth or no
teeth; herbivorous
(sloths) or carnivorous
(anteaters, armadillos)
Chisel-like incisors;
hind legs longer than
forelegs and adapted
for running and jumping; herbivorous
Chisel-like, continuously
growing incisors worn
down by gnawing;
herbivorous
What make us primates

Opposable thumbs;
forward-facing eyes;
well-developed cerebral
cortex;
omnivorous
Figure 34.40bd
Indicates orders of interest; for Chapter 21

Orders and Examples
Carnivora
Dogs, wolves,
bears, cats,
weasels, otters,
Coyote
seals, walruses
Cetartiodactyla
Artiodactyls:
sheep, pigs,
cattle, deer,
Bighorn sheep
giraffes
Cetaceans:
whales,
dolphins,
porpoises Pacific whitesided porpoise
Sharp, pointed canine
teeth and molars for
shearing; carnivorous
Hooves with an even

number of toes on each
foot; herbivorous
Aquatic; streamlined
body; paddle-like
forelimbs and no hind
limbs; thick layer of
insulating blubber;
carnivorous
Figure 34.40be
Orders and Examples
Perissodactyla
Hooves with an odd
Horses, zebras,
number of toes on
tapirs,
each foot; herbivorous
Indian
rhinoceroses
rhinoceros
Chiroptera
Bats
frog-eating bat
See first slide in this set

Eulipotyphla
Core
insectivores:
some moles,
some shrews
Star-nosed
mole
Adapted for flight;

broad skinfold that
extends from elongated
fingers to body and
legs; carnivorous or
herbivorous
Eat mainly insects
and other small
invertebrates
Primates
a)The mammalian order Primates includes lemurs,
tarsiers, monkeys, and apes
b) Humans are members of the ape group
Derived characters of Primates

a) Most primates have hands and feet adapted for
grasping, and flat nails
b) Other derived characters of primates

i) A large brain and short jaws
ii) Forward-looking eyes close together on the face,
providing depth perception
iii) Complex social behavior and parental care
iv) A fully opposable thumb (in monkeys and apes)
Living Primates
a) There are three main groups of living primates
i) Lemurs, lorises, and bush babies
ii) Tarsiers
iii) Anthropoids (monkeys and apes)
Figure 34.41
Verreauxs sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi), a type of lemur
Figure 34.42
A phylogenetic tree of primates
Lemurs, lorises,
and bush babies
ANCESTRAL
PRIMATE
Tarsiers
Old World monkeys

Gibbons
Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzees
and bonobos
Humans
70
60 50 40 30 20 10
Time (millions of years ago)
Anthropoids
New World monkeys
b) The first monkeys evolved in the Old World (Africa

and Asia)
c) In the New World (South America), monkeys first
appeared roughly 25 million years ago
d) New World and Old World monkeys underwent
separate adaptive radiations during their many
millions of years of separation
Figure 34.43
(a) New World monkey:

spider monkey
(b) Old World monkey:

macaque
e) The other group of anthropoids consists of primates

informally called apes
f) This group includes gibbons, orangutans, gorillas,
chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans
g) Apes diverged from Old World monkeys about
2530 million years ago
Figure 34.44
Nonhuman apes
(a) Gibbon
(b) Orangutan
(c) Gorilla
(d) Chimpanzees
(e) Bonobos
Figure 34.44a
Nonhuman ape
(a) Gibbon
Concept 34.7: Humans are mammals that have a

large brain and bipedal locomotion
a) The species Homo sapiens is about 200,000 years old,
which is very young, considering that life has existed on
Earth for at least 3.5 billion years
Indeed, she is Young.

Derived characters of humans
What make you human?

a) A number of characters distinguish humans from
other apes
i) Upright posture and bipedal locomotion
ii) Larger brains capable of language, symbolic thought,
artistic expression, the manufacture and use of
complex tools
iii) Reduced jawbones and jaw muscles
iv) Shorter digestive tract
b) The human and chimpanzee

genomes are 99% identical !
c) Changes in regulatory genes
can have large effects
The Earliest Hominins

a) The study of human origins is known as
paleoanthropology
b) Hominins (formerly called hominids) are more
closely related to humans than to chimpanzees
c) Paleoanthropologists have discovered fossils of
about 20 species of extinct hominins
A timeline for selected hominin species
Figure 34.45
Paranthropus
robustus
Homo
ergaster
Paranthropus
boisei
0.5
Homo
neanderthalensis
?
1.0
Australopithecus
africanus
1.5
Millions of years ago
2.0
Kenyanthropus
platyops
2.5
Australo3.0 pithecus
anamensis
3.5
Australopithecus
garhi
Homo
habilis
4.0
4.5
Australopithecus
afarensis
5.0
Ardipithecus ramidus
5.5
6.0
Homo erectus
Orrorin tugenensis
6.5
7.0
Sahelanthropus
tchadensis
Homo
rudolfensis
Homo
sapiens
Figure 34.45a
A timeline for selected hominin species (part 1: 3.5 mya to present)
0
0.5
Paranthropus
boisei
Paranthropus
robustus
Homo
ergaster
Homo
neander
thalensis
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Australopithecus
garhi
3.0
Australopithecus
3.5 africanus
Homoerectus
Homo
habilis
Homo
rudolfensis
Homo
sapiens
Figure 34.45b
A timeline for selected hominin species (part 2: 7.0 mya to 3.5 mya)
Kenyanthropus
platyops
2.5 Australopithecus
3.0 anamensis
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
Australopithecus
afarensis
Orrorin tugenensis
Sahelanthropus
tchadensis
d) The oldest fossil evidence of hominins dates back to

6.5 million years ago
e) Early hominins show evidence of small brains and
increasing bipedalism
Figure 34.46
The skeleton of Ardi, a

4.4-million-year-old hominin,
f) Misconception: Early hominins were chimpanzees.

Correction: Hominins and chimpanzees shared a
common ancestor
g) Misconception: Human evolution is like a ladder

leading directly to Homo sapiens.
Correction: Hominin evolution included many branches
or coexisting species, though only humans, Homo
sapiens, survive today
Australopiths
a) Australopiths are a paraphyletic assemblage of
hominins who lived between 4 and 2 million years
ago
b) Some species, such as Australopithecus afarensis
walked fully erect
Figure 34.47
Evidence that hominins walked upright 3.5 million years ago
(a) The Laetoli footprints
(b) An artists reconstruction of A. afarensis
Figure 34.47a
(a) The Laetoli footprints

Figure 34.47b
(b) An artists reconstruction of A. afarensis
c) Robust australopiths had sturdy skulls and powerful

jaws
d) Gracile australopiths were more slender and had
lighter jaws
Bipedalism
a) Hominins began to walk long distances on two legs
about 1.9 million years ago
b) Bipedal walking was energy efficient in the arid
environments inhabited by hominins at the time
Tool Use
a) The oldest evidence of tool use, cut marks on animal
bones, is 2.5 million years old
b) Fossil evidence indicates tool use may have
originated prior to the evolution of large brains
Early Homo
a) The earliest fossils placed in our genus Homo are
those of Homo habilis, ranging in age from about 2.4
to 1.6 million years
b) Stone tools have been found with H. habilis, giving
this species its name, which means handy man
c) Homo ergaster was the first fully bipedal, large-brained

hominin
d) The species existed between 1.9 and 1.5 million years
ago
e) Homo ergaster shows a significant decrease in sexual
dimorphism (a size difference between sexes)
compared with its ancestors
f) Homo ergaster fossils were previously assigned to

Homo erectus; most paleoanthropologists now
recognize these as separate species
Figure 34.48
fossil of Homo ergaster
g) Homo erectus originated in Africa by 1.8 million

years ago
h) It was the first hominin to leave Africa
Neanderthals
a) Neanderthals, Homo neanderthalensis, lived in Europe
and the Near East from 350,000 to 28,000 years ago
b) They were thick-boned with a larger brain, they buried
their dead, and they made hunting tools
c) Recent genetic analysis indicates that gene flow
occurred between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens
Figure 34.49
Inquiry: Did gene flow occur between Neanderthals and humans?
Results
Genetic similarity index (D)
7
6
These relatively high bars indicate that the

Neanderthal genome was more similar to
genomes of non-Africans than of Africans.
5
4
3
2
1
0
Africans to
Africans
Non-Africans to Africans
Non-Africans to
Non-Africans
Populations being compared in relation to Neanderthals

Why does it matter if Homosapienshad sex with Neanderthals?
Homo sapiens
a) Homo sapiens appeared in Africa by 195,000 years ago
b) All living humans are descended from these African
ancestors (were Africans.)
Figure 34.UN10
a 160,000-year-old fossil of Homo sapiens
c) The oldest fossils of Homo sapiens outside Africa

date back about 115,000 years and are from the
Middle East
d) Humans first arrived in the New World sometime
before 15,000 years ago
e) In 2004, 18,000 year-old fossils were found

in Indonesia, and a new small hominin was
named Homo floresiensis.
f) Homo sapiens were the first group to show

evidence of symbolic and sophisticated thought
g) In 2002, a 77,000-year-old artistic carving was
found in South Africa
Figure 34.50
Art, a human hallmark
Figure 34.UN09a Skills exercise: determining the equation of a regression line (part 1)
Hominin Species
Mean age
(millions of
years; x)
xi x
Mean Brain
Volume
(cm3; y)
4.4
325
Australopithecus
afarensis
3.4
375
Homo habilis
1.9
550
Homo ergaster
1.6
850
Homo erectus
1.2
1,000
Homo
heidelbergensis
0.5
1,200
Homo
neanderthalensis
0.1
1,400
0.0
1,350
Homo sapiens
( xi x )
yi y
( yi y )
Figure 34.UN11
Summary of key concepts: clade descriptions
Urochordata
(tunicates)
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display the

derived traits of chordates
Myxini (hagfishes)
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;

have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Petromyzontida
(lampreys)
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reduced

vertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a live
fish and ingesting its blood
Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,
a derived trait formed by the reduction of an
ancestral mineralized skeleton
Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton and
maneuverable fins supported by rays
Amniotes: amniotic egg,

rib cage ventilation
Dipnoi
(lungfishes)
Tetrapods: four limbs, neck,

fused pelvic girdle
Lobe-fins: muscular fins or limbs
Actinistia
(coelacanths)
Description
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders that
exhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,
skates, ratfishes)
Actinopterygii
(ray-finned fishes)
Osteichthyans: bony skeleton
Gnathostomes: hinged jaws, four sets of Hox genes
Vertebrates: Hox genes duplication, backbone of vertebrae
Chordates: notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; post-anal tail
Clade
Cephalochordata
(lancelets)
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still surviving

in Indian Ocean
Freshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;
sister group of tetrapods
Amphibia
(salamanders,
frogs, caecilians)
Reptilia (tuataras, lizards
and snakes, turtles,
crocodilians,
birds)
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; most

have moist skin that functions in gas exchange; many
live both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults)
One of two groups of living amniotes; have amniotic
eggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for life
on land
Mammalia
(monotremes,
marsupials,
eutherians)
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-laying

monotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials
(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians
(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
Figure 34.UN11a
Clade
Description
Cephalochordata
(lancelets)
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders that

exhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Urochordata
(tunicates)
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display the

derived traits of chordates
Myxini (hagfishes)
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;

have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reduced
vertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a live
fish and ingesting its blood
Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,
a derived trait formed by the reduction of an
ancestral mineralized skeleton
Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton and
maneuverable fins supported by rays
Petromyzontida
(lampreys)
Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,
skates, ratfishes)
Actinopterygii
(ray-finned fishes)
Actinistia
(coelacanths)
Dipnoi
(lungfishes)
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still surviving

in Indian Ocean
Freshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;
sister group of tetrapods
Figure 34.UN11b
Summary of key concepts: clade descriptions
Clade
Description
Amphibia
(salamanders,
frogs, caecilians)
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; most

have moist skin that functions in gas exchange; many
live both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults)
Reptilia (tuataras, lizards

and snakes, turtles,
crocodilians,
birds)
One of two groups of living amniotes; have amniotic

eggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for life
on land
Mammalia
(monotremes,
marsupials,
eutherians)
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-laying

monotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials
(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians
(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
Stephen Hawking (1942- ), a British astrophysicist, has a

rare early-onset, slow-progressing form of amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis (ALS), commonly known as motor neurone disease in
the UK, that has gradually paralyzed him over the decades. He
now communicates using a single cheek muscle attached to
a speech-generating device.
His book A Brief History of Time appeared on the British
Sunday Times best-seller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.
Stephen Hawking
We are just an advanced breed of

monkeys on a minor planet of a very
average star. But we can understand
the Universe. That makes us something
very special.
Stephen Hawking
The End

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BIOLOGY

Campbell Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson

For Bio 12 THQ, THR, and WFR, First Semester, 2016-2017

August 30, 2016

vertebrate vs. vertebrate

Half a Billion Years of Backbones

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This ancient organism was our ancestor?

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d) One lineage of vertebrates colonized land 365 million

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Concept 34.1: Chordates have a notochord

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Phylogeny of living chordates

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Limbs with digits

Phylogeny of living chordates (part 1)

Phylogeny of living chordates (part 2)

The one in red

Derived Characters of Chordates

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Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

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Pharyngeal slits or clefts

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Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord

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Pharyngeal slits or clefts

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Muscular, post-anal tail

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Cephalochordata mini-tree, p. 714

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The lancelet Branchiostoma, a cephalochordate (part 1: photo)

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The lancelet Branchiostoma, a cephalochordate (part 1)

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Urochordata mini-tree, p. 715

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Pharynx with slits

(a) a tunicate larva

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(c) An adult tunicate

Pharynx with slits

(a) A tunicate larva

(b) An adult tunicate

(c) An adult tunicate

e) Tunicates are highly derived and have fewer Hox

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Early Chordate Evolution

Genes associated with the heart and thyroid are common

ii) Genes associated with transmission of nerve impulses

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Expression of developmental genes in lancelets and vertebrates

Nerve cord of lancelet embryo

Brain of vertebrate embryo

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Concept 34.2: Vertebrates are chordates that have a

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Derived Characters of Vertebrates

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