The Properties of Chromium

Massive metal silvery white

Highly resistant to corrosion
Has a shiny color
Non pore

 Konfigurasi elektronik untuk kromium dan molibdenum

menyimpang dari diagram aufbau
Dibandingkan molibdenum dan wolfram, kromium lebih
mudah
bereaksi
dengan
asam
non
oksidator
menghasilkan Cr(II),
Apabila bereaksi dengan asam oksidator membentuk
lapisan kromium (III) oksida
Semakin rendah tingkat oksidasi maka semakin tidak
stabil dengan naiknya nomor atom

The Tendency of Groups VIB

Electronic configuration for chromium and molybdenum
deviate from the Aufbau diagram
Compared molybdenum and tungsten, chromium more
easily react with non-oxidizing acid generating Cr (II),
When reacting with an oxidizing acid forming a layer of
chromium (III) oxide
The lower the rate of oxidation, the more unstable with
increasing atomic number

The Physical Properties

Density

7,15 g/cm (250C)

Melting point

2180 K, 19070C, 3465 F

Boiling point

2944 K, 26710C, 4840 F

Enthalpy of fusion

20,5 kJ/mol

Heat of vaporization

339 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of atomization

397 kJ/mol

Heat capacity

(250C) 23,25 J/mol.K

Thermal conductivity

94 W/mol.K

The coefficient of linear thermal

expansion

4,9 x 10 6 K1

Molar volume

7,23 cm

The of electrical resistivity

12,7 10 8 m

The Chemical Properties

Nomor Atom

24

Massa Atom

51,9961 g/mol

Golongan, periode, blok

VI B, 4, d

Konfigurasi elektron

[Ar] 3d5 4s1

Jumlah elektron tiap kulit

2, 8,13, 1

Afinitas electron

64,3 kJ / mol1

Ikatan energi dalam gas

142,9 5,4 kJ / mol1.

Panjang Ikatan Cr-Cr

249 pm

Abundance
Within the crust of about 0.0122% or 122 ppm, lower
than the vanadium (136 ppm) and chlorine (126 ppm)
Chromite ore (Chromite), FeCr2O4
Krokoit (crocoite), PbCrO4, and
Ocher chroma (chrome), Cr2O3

Extraction of chromium
There are 2 types of extraction :
1. Ferochrome (Cr-Fe)
FeCr2O4 + C

2Cr + Fe + 4CO(g)

ferrochrome

2. Pure metal chromium

FeCr2O4 + 2 Na2CO3 + O2(g)

2 Na2CrO4(aq) + 2CO2(g) + Fe(s)

2 Na2CrO4(aq) + H2O

Na2Cr2O7(s) + 2 NaOH

Na2Cr2O7 + 2 C

Cr2O3 + Na2CO3 + CO(g)

Cr2O3 + 2 Al

2 Cr(l) + Al2O3(s)

2 Cr2O3 + 3 Si

4 Cr(l) + 3 SiO2(s)

Oxide compounds
Chromium oxide
Cr2O3 green
CrO3

scarlet/dark red

CrO2

blackish brown

Cr2O3 and Cr(OH)3 is amphoteric as oxide and aluminum

hydroxide
CrO3 is acidic due to Cr (VI) has an ionic radius is short
and high charge density allows for having a greater
tendency as the electron acceptor.

Chromium (III) oxide (Cr2O3)

Oxide structure of corundum and used as a green
pigment. Semi conductors and anti-ferromagnetic below
35C
Obtained from the thermal decomposition of ammonium
dichromate
(NH4)2Cr2O7(s)

Cr2O3(s) + N2(g) +4H2O(g)

 Chromium (IV) oxide (CrO2)

Obtained from CrO3 reduction hydrothermally.
CrO3(s) + H2(g) CrO2(s)

+ H2O(g)

Chromium (VI) oxide (CrO3)

Obtained from the addition of sulfuric acid in a
concentrated solution of alkali dichromate
K2Cr2O7(aq) +H2S2O4(aq) 2CrO3(s) + K2SO4(aq)
H2O(l)

Chromium trioxide
Are highly acidic.
When reacting with a base to produce chromate CrO4 Decreasing of pH from the addition of acid to a
chromate solution lead condensation of tetrahedron unit
CrO4 produce dichromate ions and further condensation
produces precipitated CrO3.
Reaction equilibrium chromate (yellow) - dichromate
(red-orange)

2CrO4 (aq) + 2H3O(aq)

H2O(l)

Cr2O7 (aq) +

Chromium salts
Chromium (II)
Chromo such as halides and sulfates in aqueous solution as
[Cr(H2O)6]+ blue and easily oxidized into Cr+
Cr + e

Cr(aq)

-0,41 V

4 Cr(aq) + O2(aq) + 4H3O 4Cr(aq) + 6H2O Esel= +1,64 V

The synthetic process of Cr (II) in solution or storage must be protected from air and carried

Cr compound (II) obtained from the reaction of Cr with a non-oxidizing acid such as HCl /

out in a nitrogen atmosphere protection

H SO (dilute)
2 4

Cr

(s)

+ 2HCl(aq)

Cr(aq) + H2(g)

Chroimium (III)
Chromium ions in solution is expressed as [Cr(H2O)6]
colored violet
Complex compounds which have three kinds of isomers
hydrate with distinctive colors as follows
1. Anhydrous violet [ Cr(H2O)6][Cl3]
2. Pale green monohydrate [Cr(H2O)5Cl].H2O
3. Dark green dihydrate [Cr(H2O)4Cl]. 2H2O
. Each has a coordination number 6

Chromium (IV)
Derived from CrO3
Found in two kind compounds: yellow chromate CrO 4 (tetrahedron) and redorange dichromate Cr2O7
CrO3 under alkaline conditions (pH = 6) can form yellow chromate anions.
CrO3(s) + 2OH(aq)

CrO4(aq) + H2O(l)
If under acidic (pH = 2-6) are in balance in the form of dichromate.

2 CrO4(aq)

+ 2H3O(aq) Cr2O7(aq) + 3 H2O

2 CrO4(aq) + H2O(l) Cr2O7(aq) + 2OH

So that in acidic conditions Cr2O7 more dominant and in alkaline
conditions CrO4 more dominant.
Chromate ions in the solution are deposited by ion Ag +, Pb+, and Ba+ as
yellow chromate salts.
Ag (aq)

CrO4 (aq)

Ag2CrO4(s)

The Use of Chromium

In industry uses chromite to form bricks and shapes, because it has a high
melting point, moderate thermal expansion, and stable crystalline structure
In the field of biology chromium has an important role in glucose metabolism
for medical applications, such as Cr51 used to measure blood volume and
red blood cell survival.
Used as a red pigment for paints oil, especially compounds PrCrO 4
manufacture of colored gemstones. Colors are often used is the red color,
which is obtained from aluminum oxide crystals loaded with chromium.
The raw material in the manufacture of fireworks. It is obtained from the
combustion results ammonium dichromate, (NH 4)2Cr2O7, which contains
pellets of mercury thiocyanate (HgCNS).