Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Business
A Skill Building Approach
By Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie
BY
ARINI SYAFITRI
(023154160)
SWARI ADINDA
PUTRI
(023154183)
Chapter one
Introduction to
research
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
Research, a somewhat intimidating term
for some, is simply the process of
finding solutions to a problem after a
thorough study and analysis of the
situation factors.
BUSINESS RESEARCH
Business research can be described as a
systematic and organized effort to
investigate a specific problem
encountered in the work setting, which
needs a solution.
1.
2.
3.
Applied research
Research done with the intention of
applying the results of the findings to
solve specific problems currently being
experienced in an organization
2. Basic research fundamental
pure
Research done chiefly to make a
contribution to existing knowledge
1.
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Disadvantage of internal
consultants / researchers
consultants / researchers
1. Accepted by the
employees
2. Less time to
understand the
structure, work system
3. They are available to
implement their
recommendations, and
deal with any bugs
4. Less cost
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Disadvantage of external
consultants / researchers
consultants / researchers
1. Wide range of
1. The cost is high
experience
2. Much time to
2. Have more knowledge
understand the
of current sophisticated
organization
problem solving
3. Additional fees for
implementation
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DISCUSSION QUESTION
1.
Why should a manager know about research when the job entails
managing people,products, events, environments, and the like ?
Answer: The manager, while managing people, products, events,
and environments, will invariably face problems, big and small,
and will have to seek ways to find long lasting, effective solutions.
This can be achieved only through knowledge of research even if
consultants are engaged to solve problems.
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Chapter two
Scientific investigation
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1. Purposiveness
Started the research with a definite aim or
purpose
2. Rigor
Rigor connotes carefulness, scrupulousness,
and the degree of exactitude in research
investigations
3. Testability
The manager or researcher develops certain
hypotheses on how employee commitment
can be enhanced, then these can be tested
by applying certain statistical tests to the
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5. Data collection
Data with respect to each variable in the hypothesis
need to be obtained.
6. Data analysis
In the data analysis step, the data gathered are
statistically analyzed to see if the hypotheses that
were generated have been supported
7. Interpretation of data
Now we must decide whether our hypotheses are
supported or not by interpreting the meaning of the
results of the data analysis.
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Chapter Three
The research process
The broad problem area and
defining the problem statement
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a) Data sources :
1.
2.
b) Data nature :
Unstructured interviews, structured
interviews, and a review through existing
sources of information will help us to
narrow the broad problem area and to
define a specific problem statement.
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3. LITERATURE REVIEW :
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Chapter Four
The research process
Theoretical framework and
hypothesis development
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1.
2.
3.
VARIABLES:
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TYPES OF VARIABLES :
1- Dependent variable
The dependent variable is the
variable of primary interest to the
researcher. Through the analysis of
the dependent variable is possible
to find answers or solutions to the
problem
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2- Independent variable
The independent variable is generally
conjectured that an independent variable is
one that influences the independent variable
in either a positive or negative way. That is,
when the independent variable is present,
the dependent variable is also present, and
with each unit of increase in the independent
variable, there is an increase or decrease in
the dependent variable.
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3- Moderating variable
The moderating variable is the
presence of a third variable that
modifies the relationship between
the independent and the dependent
variables.
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4- Mediating variable
The mediating variable is one that surfaces
between the time the independent variable
start operating to influence the dependent
variable and the time their impact is felt on
it. The Mediating variable surfaces as a
function of the independent variable
operating in any situation, and helps to
conceptualize and explain the influence of
the independent variable on the dependent
variable.
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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
o
o
HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT
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1- If-Then statement
To examine whether or not the
conjectured relationship or
differences exist, this hypothesis
can be set either propositions or in
the form of If-Then statement.
Example:
IF the employees are more healthy,
THEN they will take sick leave less
frequently.
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Chapter Seven
Measurement
Scaling, Reliability, Validity
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SCALES:
Is tool or mechanism by which
individuals are distinguished as to how
they differ from one to another on the
variables of interest to our study
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Nominal scale
Ordinal scale
Interval scale
Ratio scale
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1- NOMINAL SCALE :
Allows the researcher to assign subjects
to certain categories or groups it
categorize individuals or objects into
mutually exclusive and collectively
exhaustive groups, thus such scaling tells
us nothing more about the two groups
and gives some basic, categorical, gross
information, personal data such gender
or department in which one works ,
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2- ORDINAL SCALE:
In this scale the respondents might be asked to
indicate their preferences by ranking the
importance they attach to five distinct
characteristics in a job that the researcher
might be interested in studying
Job characteristic
Ranking of importance
Serve others
Work independently
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40
Color
10
Shape
10
size
20
Texture of lather
20
Total points
100
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10 excellent
5 adequate
1 very bad
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3- INTERVAL SCALE:
In nominal scale we can make
qualitatively distinguish groups by
categorizing them into mutually
exclusive and collectively exhaustive and
in ordinal scale allow us to rank order the
preferences the interval scale indicate
whether once preference is the
same extent, or a greater extent than
the second.
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Serving others
Working independently
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2) Numerical scale :
Similar to the semantic scale but with
numbers on five-point or seven-point
scale are provided
Extremely pleased
displeased
7654321
extremely
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2
Unlikely
3
4
Neither unlikely nor likely
likely
I will be changing my job within the next 12 months
I will take on new assignments in the near future
It is possible that I will be out of this organization within the next
12 months
5
Very likely
Not at all
interested
Somewhat
interested
1
Moderately
interested
2
Very much
interested
3
4
4
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4) Likert scale:
5) Staple scale:
This scale measures both the direction and
intensity of the attitude toward the items
under study
Rate your supervisor abilities:
+3
+2
+1
Adopting modern technology
-1
-2
-3
+3
+2
+1
Product innovation
-1
-2
-3
+3
+2
+1
Interpersonal skills
-1
-2
-3
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4- RATIO SCALE:
Usually used in organizational research when exact
numbers on objective (as opposed to subjective)
factors are called:
1. How many other organizations did you work for
before joining this system?
2. Please indicate the number of children you in each
of the following categories:
--- Below 3 years of age
--- Between 3 and 6
--- Over 6 years but under 12
--- 12 years and over
3. How many retail outlets do you operate?
The responses to the questions could range from 0 to
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any reasonable figure.
Chapter Ten
Sampling
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DEFINITIONS:
Population:
Group of people, events, or things of interest that the
researcher wishes to investigate.
Element:
A single member of the population.
Sample:
Some members selected from population.
Sampling Unit:
The element that is available for selection.
Subject:
Single member of the sample.
Parameters:
Characteristics of the population
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PROBABILITY SAMPLING:
When elements in the population have a
known chance of being chosen as
subjects in the sample.
Types of Probability sampling:
1- Unrestricted or simple random
sampling: Every element in the
population has a known and equal
chance of being selected.
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Cluster sampling
Double sampling
It is a design that involves drawing every nth element in the population starting with
a randomly chosen element between 1 and n.
Easy and quickness in developing the sample
Samples are gathered in groups, target population is first divided into clusters.
Then a random
sample of cluster is drawn and for each selected cluster either
all the elements or a sample of elements are included in the sample.
Useful when a heterogeneous group is to be studied
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Convenient Sampling:
Refers to the collection of information from members
of the population who are conveniently available to
provide it.
It is used during the exploratory phase of a research
project and is perhaps the best way of getting some
basic information quickly and efficiently.
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Purposive sampling:
Confined to a specific type of people who can provide
the desired information
Types of purposive sampling:
Judgment Sampling
Used when a limited number or
category of people have the
information that is sought.
Help to obtain specialized
information
Quota Sampling
In which a predetermined
proportion of people are sampled
from different groups.
Allow inclusion of all groups so
small in number are not neglected
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SPSS
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INTRODUCTION
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SOME DEFINITIONS
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TYPE OF DATA
Categorical data:
There are basically two kinds of data in this groups:
1.
2. Ordinal
THANK YOU
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