Lecture 03 - Forces

ENGINEERING MECHANICS (CE-108)
LECTURE # 03
Forces
NUST Institute of Civil Engineering, NICE
National University of Sciences and Technology, NUST
Chapter Outline
Types of Forces
Analysis of Forces
2-Dimensional Force Systems
3-Dimensional Force Systems
Computational Mechanics
(C) 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
3.1 Types of Forces
Terminology:
Line
of Action:
The straight line collinear with the force
vector
3.1 Types of Forces

System
of Forces:
Coplanar or 2 dimensional
line of action of the forces lie in
a plane
3 dimensional
Concurrent lines of action of
the forces intersect at a point
Parallel lines of action are
parallel
Concurrent
Parallel
3.1 Types of Forces

External
& Internal Forces:

External force given object is subjected to
a force exerted by a different object
Internal force one part of a given object is
subjected to a force by another part of the
same object
Requires clear definition of object in
consideration
3.1 Types of Forces

Body
& Surface Forces:

Body Force force acting on the volume of
an object
E.g. gravitational force on an object
Surface Force force acting on the surface
of an object
Can be exerted on an object by contact
with another object
Both body & contact forces can result from
electromagnetic effects
3.1 Types of Forces
Gravitational Forces:
The
force exerted on an object by the earths

gravity
Gravitational force, or weight, of
an object can be represented by a vector
3.1 Types of Forces
Magnitude
of an objects weight is related to

its mass by:
|W| = mg
where g = 9.81 m/s2 in SI units
(acceleration due to gravity at sea level)
3.1 Types of Forces

Gravitational
forces & electromagnetic forces

act at a distance:
The objects they act on are not necessarily
in contact with the objects exerting the
forces
3.1 Types of Forces
Contact Forces:
Forces that result from contacts between
objects
E.g. push on a wall exert a contact force
Surface of hand exerts a force F on surface
of wall
Wall exerts an equal & opposite force F on
your hand (Newtons 3rd Law)
10
3.1 Types of Forces

Surfaces:
Consider
2 plane surfaces in contact:
Force
exerted on right surface by left

surface F
11
3.1 Types of Forces

Surfaces:
Force
exerted on right surface by left

surface F
Resolve F into:
Normal force N (normal to surface)
Friction force f (parallel to surface)
Smooth surfaces friction force
assumed to be negligible
Rough surfaces friction force cannot
be neglected
12
3.1 Types of Forces

If
the contacting surfaces are curved:
Normal
force & friction force are

perpendicular & parallel to the plane tangent
to the surface at their point of contact
13
3.1 Types of Forces

Ropes
& Cables:
Contact force can be exerted on an object
by attaching a rope or cable to the object &
pulling on it
14
3.1 Types of Forces

Ropes
& Cables:
Example:
Cable exerts a force T on container
Magnitude of T tension in cable
Line of action of T collinear with cable
Cable exerts an equal & opposite force
T on crane
15
3.1 Types of Forces

Assumption:
Cable
is straight
Tension where cable is connected to
container = tension near crane
Approximately true if weight of cable <<
tension
16
3.1 Types of Forces

Pulley
wheel with grooved rim that can be

used to change the direction of a rope or
cable
17
3.1 Types of Forces

Assumption:
Tension
is the same on both sides of a
pulley
True when pulley can turn freely & the
rope or cable is either stationary or turns
at a constant rate
18
3.1 Types of Forces

Springs:
To
exert contact forces in mechanical

devices
E.g. suspension of cars
19
3.1 Types of Forces

Spring
designed to exert a force by being

compressed is often provided with lateral
support to prevent buckling:
E.g. enclosing it in a cylindrical sleeve
Shock absorbers within coils in car
suspensions
20
3.1 Types of Forces

Springs
can be used to
model situations in which
forces depend on displacements
E.g. force necessary to bend
steel beam is a linear function
of displacement if is not
too large
|F| = k
model force-deflection behaviour of
beam with a linear spring
21
3.2 Analysis of Forces
Equilibrium:
Unchanging
state state of balance
Examples:
Objects
are at rest (stationary) relative to the

building are in equilibrium
Objects within a train traveling at a constant
speed on a straight track, that are at rest
relative to the train, are in equilibrium
If the train begin increasing or decreasing its
speed, the person standing in the aisle would
no longer be in equilibrium & might lose his
balance
22

Definition:
an object is in equilibrium only if

each point of the object has the same constant
velocity (steady translation)
The velocity must be measured relative to a
frame of reference in which Newtons laws are
valid
A frame of reference fixed with respect to the
earth: inertial
23

Assumption:
objects in steady translation

relative to the earth can be assumed to be in
equilibrium
Vector sum of external forces acting on an
object in equilibrium = 0:
F=0
(3.2)
24
Free-Body Diagrams:
Serves
to focus attention on the object of

interest & helps identify the external forces
acting on it
Also used in dynamics to study the motions of
objects
Drawing of an isolated or freed object & the
external forces acting on it
25

Drawing
a free-body diagram involves 3 steps:

1. Identify the object to isolate the choice is
often dictated by particular forces you want
to determine
2. Draw a sketch of the object isolated from its
surroundings & show relevant dimensions &
angles
3. Draw & label vectors representing all the
external forces acting on the isolated object
dont forget to include the gravitational force
26

A coordinate
system is necessary to express

the forces on the isolated object in terms of
components
E.g. to determine the tensions in the 2 cables:
Isolate lower block & part of cable AB
Indicate the external forces: W & TAB
Introduce a coordinate system
27

Equilibrium equation:
F = TABj Wj = (TAB W)j = 0
Tension in cable AB is TAB = W
28

Isolate
upper block
External forces: W, TCD & TAB
Equilibrium
equation:
F = TCDj TABj Wj
= (TCD TAB W)j = 0
Since TAB = W, TCD = 2W
29

Alternatively,
treat the 2
blocks & cable AB as a
single object:
Equilibrium equation:
F = TCDj Wj Wj
= (TCD 2W)j = 0
Again, TCD = 2W
30
3.3 2-Dimensional Force Systems
By orienting a coordinate system so that

external forces acting on an object lie in
the x-y plane:
F = (Fx)i (Fy)j = 0
where Fx & Fy are the sums of the x & y
components of the forces
A vector is zero only if each of its components is
zero Scalar equilibrium equations:
Fx = 0,
Fy = 0
(3.3)
31
Example 3.1 Using Equilibrium to Determine

Forces on an Object
For display at an automobile show, the 1440-kg car
in Fig. 3.19 is held in place on the inclined surface
by the horizontal cable from A to B. Determine the
tension that the cable (& the fixture to which it is
connected at B) must support. The cars brakes are
not engaged, so the tires exert only normal forces
on the inclined surface.
Fig. 3.19
32

Forces on an Object
Strategy
Since the car is in equilibrium, we can draw its
free-body diagram & use Eqs. (3.3) to determine
the forces exerted on the car by the cable & use
the inclined surface.
33

Forces on an Object
Solution
Draw the Free-Body Diagram:
First, draw a free-body diagram of
the car isolated from its
surroundings.
Complete the free-body diagram
by showing the force exerted by
the cars weight, the force T
exerted by the cable & the total
normal force N exerted on the
cars tires by the inclined surface.
34

Forces on an Object
Solution
Apply the Equilibrium Equations:
Introduce a coordinate system & resolve the normal
force into x & y components:
Fx = T N sin 20 = 0
Fy = N cos 20 mg = 0
35

Forces on an Object
Solution
Resolve the 2nd equilibrium equation for N:
mg
(1440 kg )(9.81 m s 2 )
N
15,000 N
cos 20
cos 20
Then we solve the 1st equilibrium equation for
tension T:
T = N sin 20 = 5140 N
36

Forces on an Object
Critical Thinking
How to identify the external forces that act on an

object?
Free-body diagram to isolate the car:
Remove cable AB, which exerts the
horizontal force T on the car at A that keeps
the car in place on the inclined surface
Remove the inclined surface, which exerts
forces on the cars tires
The example stipulated that the surface
could exert only normal forces on the tires
37

Forces on an Object
Critical Thinking
Free-body
diagram to isolate the car:

Finally remove the earth itself, which exerts
the cars weight mg
Thinking about what must be eliminated in
order to isolate an object focuses your
attention on those things that may exert
external forces on it
38
Example 3.2 Choosing a Free-Body

Diagram
The automobile engine block in
Fig. 3.20 is suspended by a
system of cables. The mass of
the block is 200 kg. the system
is stationary. What are the
tensions in cables AB & AC?
Fig. 3.20
39

Diagram
Strategy
We need a free-body diagram that is subjected to
the forces we want to determine. By isolating part
of the cable system near point A where the cables
are joined, we can obtain a free-body diagram that
is subjected to the weight of the block & the
unknown tensions in cables AB & AC.
40

Diagram
Solution
Draw the Free-Body Diagram:
Isolate part of the cable system near point A:
W = mg = (200 kg)(9.81 m/s2) = 1962 N

41

Diagram
Solution
Apply the Equilibrium Equation:
Select the coordinate system shown.
42

Diagram
Solution
Apply the Equilibrium Equation:
Resolve cable tensions into x & y
components:
Fx = TAC cos 45 TAB cos 60 = 0
Fy = TAC sin 45 + TAB sin 60 1962 N = 0
Solving these equations,
The tensions in the cables are
TAB = 1436 N & TAC = 1016 N.
43

Diagram
Critical Thinking
How to choose a free-body diagram that permits

you to determine particular unknown forces?
May be necessary to try several free-body
diagrams before finding one that provides the
information you need
Forces to be determined should appear as
external forces on the free-body diagram
Objective is to obtain a number of equilibrium
equations = number of unknown forces
44
Example 3.7 Determining Tensions for a Range

of Dimensions
The system of cables in
Fig. 3.28 is designed to
suspend a load with a
mass of 1000 kg from the
ceiling. The dimension
b = 2 m & the length of
cable AB is 1 m. The height
of the load can be
adjusted by changing the
length of cable AC.
Fig. 3.28
45

of Dimensions
(a) Plot the tensions in
cables AB & AC for values
of the length of cable AC
from 1.2 m to 2.2 m.
(b) Cables AB & AC can each
safely support a tension
equal to the weight of the
load. Use results of (a) to
estimate the allowable
range of length of cable
AC.
Fig. 3.28
46

of Dimensions
Strategy
By drawing the free-body diagram of the part of
the cable system where the cables join, we can
determine the tensions in the cables in terms of
the length of cable AC.
47

of Dimensions
Solution
(a) Let the lengths of the
cables LAB = 1 m & LAC.
Apply the law of cosines to
the triangle to determine
in terms of LAC:
b 2 L2AB L2AC
arccos
2
bL
AB
48

of Dimensions
Solution
Then use the law of sines to determine :
LAB sin
arcsin
LAC
49

of Dimensions
Solution
(a) Draw the Free-Body Diagram:
50

of Dimensions
Solution
(a) Apply the Equilibrium Equations:
Select the coordinate system shown, the
equilibrium equations are:
Fx = TAB cos + TAC cos = 0
Fy = TAB sin + TAC sin W = 0
51

of Dimensions
Solution
(a) Solving these equations:
TAB
TAC
W cos
sin cos cos sin

W cos
sin cos cos sin
52

of Dimensions
Solution
(a) To compute the results, input a value of the
length LAC & calculate the angle , then angle
& then the tensions TAB & TAC. The resulting
values of TAC/W are plotted as functions of LAC:
53

of Dimensions
Solution
(b) The allowable range of the length of cable AC
is the range over which the tensions in both
cables are W.
From the plot, we can see that the tension TAB
exceeds W for values of LAC ~1.35 m, so the
safe ange is LAC 1.35 m.
54

of Dimensions
Critical Thinking
As this example demonstrates, even simple

problems in mechanics can require the solution
of nonlinear equations
We could not obtain an analytical solution for the
length of LAC corresponding to a given maximum
tension in 2 cables
But by computing the values of the tensions as a
function of LAC, we were able to identify the
range of values for which the tensions in the
cables did not exceed the load
55
Chapter Summary
By drawing free-body diagrams & applying
the vector techniques in Chapter 2,
unknown forces acting on objects in
equilibrium can be determined from the
condition that the sum of external forces
must = 0
Line of action the straight line coincident
with a force vector
56
Chapter Summary
System of Forces:
Coplanar
or 2 dimensional line of action of

the forces lie in a plane
3 dimensional
Concurrent lines of action of the forces
intersect at a point
Parallel lines of action are parallel
57
Chapter Summary
External & Internal Forces:

External
force an object is subjected to a

force exerted by a different object
Internal force one part of an object is
subjected to a force by another part of the
same object
58
Chapter Summary
Body & Surface Forces:

Body
Force force acting on the volume of an

object
Surface force force acting on the surface of
an object
59
Chapter Summary
The
by:
weight of an object is related to its mass

W = mg
where g = 9.81 m/s2 in SI units
60
Chapter Summary
Surfaces:
2
plane surfaces in contact exert forces on

each other that are equal in magnitude &
opposite in direction
Each force can be resolved into the normal
force & the friction force
Smooth surfaces friction force is negligible
in comparison to the normal force
Rough surfaces friction force cannot be
neglected
61
Chapter Summary
Ropes & Cables:

A rope
or cable attached to an object exerts a

force on the object whose magnitude is equal
to the tension & whose line of action is parallel
to the rope or cable at the point of attachment
Pulley wheel with grooved rim that can be
used to change the direction of a rope or cable
When a pulley can turn freely & the rope or
cable is either stationary or turns at a
constant rate, the tension is the same on
both sides of a pulley
62
Chapter Summary
Springs:
The
force exerted by a linear spring:

|F| = k|L Lo|
(3.1)
where k is the spring constant, L is the length of

the spring & L0 is its unstretched length
63
Chapter Summary
Free-Body Diagrams:
Drawing
of an object in which the object is

isolated from its surroundings & the external
forces acting on the object
Steps:
64
Chapter Summary
Free-Body Diagrams:
A coordinate
system must be chosen to

express the forces on the isolated object in
terms of components
65
Chapter Summary
Equilibrium:
The
sum of external forces acting on the

object in equilibrium = 0:
F=0
(3.2)
Implies
that the sums of the external forces in

the x, y & z directions each = 0:
Fx = 0,
Fy = 0,
Fz = 0
(3.4)
66

Lecture 03 - Forces

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Lecture 03 - Forces

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ENGINEERING MECHANICS (CE-108)

(C) 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3.1 Types of Forces

(C) 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3.1 Types of Forces

3.1 Types of Forces

& Internal Forces:

(C) 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3.1 Types of Forces

& Surface Forces:

(C) 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3.1 Types of Forces

force exerted on an object by the earths

(C) 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3.1 Types of Forces

of an objects weight is related to

(C) 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3.1 Types of Forces

forces & electromagnetic forces

(C) 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3.1 Types of Forces

(C) 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3.1 Types of Forces

2 plane surfaces in contact:

exerted on right surface by left

(C) 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3.1 Types of Forces

exerted on right surface by left

3.1 Types of Forces

the contacting surfaces are curved:

force & friction force are

(C) 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3.1 Types of Forces

(C) 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3.1 Types of Forces

(C) 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3.1 Types of Forces

(C) 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3.1 Types of Forces

wheel with grooved rim that can be

(C) 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3.1 Types of Forces

is the same on both sides of a

(C) 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3.1 Types of Forces

exert contact forces in mechanical

(C) 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3.1 Types of Forces

designed to exert a force by being

(C) 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3.1 Types of Forces

3.2 Analysis of Forces

state state of balance

are at rest (stationary) relative to the

3.2 Analysis of Forces

an object is in equilibrium only if

(C) 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3.2 Analysis of Forces

objects in steady translation

(C) 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3.2 Analysis of Forces

to focus attention on the object of

(C) 2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3.2 Analysis of Forces