Introduction To Border Gateway Protocol (BGP 4)

Introduction to
Border Gateway
Protocol (BGP 4)
Version 1.2
Summary
BGP Concept
BGP Operation
Route
Control
Configuration
Trouble-shooting
Juniper
Updated
vs. Cisco
Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright
Summary
BGP Concept
BGP Operation
Route
Control
Configuration
Trouble-shooting
Juniper
Updated
vs. Cisco
Concepts
The BGP protocol was developed by the IDR Working Group

of IETF. A first version of BGP was published in June 1989
as RFC 1105 (BGP-1). A second version was published in
June 1990 as RFC 1163 (BGP-2). A third version was
published in October 1991 as RFC 1267 (BGP-3).
A fourth version was published in July 1994 as RFC 1654

(BGP-4). The Current version of BGP-4 is documented in
RFC 1771 (March 1995).
BGP-4 supports
the path vector concept to avoid the potential routing loop introduced by
complicated (I.e., full-meshed) Internet topology
IP prefix and length advertisements
Updated
BGP Protocol Overview
JUNOS software supports BGP Version 4 and several extensions

to the protocol
RFC 1771, A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)

RFC 1772, Application of the Border Gateway Protocol in the Internet
RFC 1965, Autonomous System Confederations for BGP
RFC 1966, BGP Route Reflection: An Alternative to Full-Mesh IBGP
RFC 1997, BGP Communities Attribute
RFC 2270, Using a Dedicated AS for Sites Homed to a Single Provider
RFC 2283, Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4
RFC 2385, Protection of BGP Sessions via the TCP MD5 Signature
Option
RFC 2439, BGP Route Flap Damping
Capabilities Negotiation with BGP4, IETF draft draft-ietf-idr-cap-neg01
BGP Extended Communities Attribute, IETFdraft-ramachandra-bgpext-communities-04.txt
Updated
Concepts
the concept of classless interdomain routing to allow better use of

existing IP address space and to minimize the rapid growth of
routing table size (CIDR, RFC 1519)
policy-based routing using a set of pre-defined path attributes
BGP-4 supports route aggregation and AS aggregation (I.e., AS

Set and Confederation)
fast convergence by requiring the router to inform its neighbors

when the previously announced routes become unreachable
large routing table size
authentication using BGP identifier and AS number. In addition, it

supports encrypted signature in every BGP message.
Updated
Concepts
BGP routers only use those routes whose next-hop can be reached
BGP routers advertise only those routes that they use
BGP runs over a reliable transport protocol.
TCP port 179

takes care of segmenting, sequencing, retransmission and
acknowledgments
supports a "graceful" close, i.e., that all outstanding data will be delivered
before the connection is close.
4096 max frame size
hold time (90 sec def smallest used between peers)
open->updates->keepalives (steady state)-> notification
(close)
|
|
------ --- -------
BGP MIB consists of the BGP Peer Table, The BGP Path Attribute
Table and a Global Table.
Updated
Concepts
Autonomous System (AS)
The classic definition of an Autonomous System is a set of routers

under a single technical administration, using a single IGP and
common metrics to route packets within the AS, and using an EGP
to route packets to other ASs.
Currently, it has become common for a single AS to use several

IGPs and sometimes several sets of metrics within an AS.
The use of the term Autonomous System here stresses the fact that,
even when multiple IGPs and metrics are used, the administration
of an AS appears to other ASs to have a single coherent interior
routing plan and presents a consistent picture of what
destinations are reachable through it.
Updated
Concepts
Autonomous System Type
Stub AS
Single Exit Point
Local Traffic
Multi-Homed AS
Multiple Exit Points
Local Traffic
Transit AS
Local and Transit Traffic
BGP Peers
Provider "B"
Provider "A"
Transit AS
AS 60
Transit AS
AS 50
Customer #1
AS 100
TCP Connections
Stub As
Stub As
Customer #n
AS 120
EBGP
IBGP
Updated
Multi-Homed
Customer #2
AS 110
BGP AS
What is an AS?
-16 bit integer (1-65535)
-64512-65535 private.
Updated
10
Concepts
CIDR = Classless Inter Domain Routing
Address Assignment
and Aggregation Strategy
A mechanism
to aggregate IP addresses into blocks of

multiple of the old style classes of addresses
Reduces
routing information through this aggregation
Conserves
Resources
router resources (CPU, memory)

bandwidth (less routes -> less routing packets)
Updated
11
Concepts
Supernet
Organizations
These
are allocated Blocks of IP addresses
blocks are allocated in powers of 2
The
Blocks of Address Space can be Aggregated into one

routing announcement (Supernetting)
Block
of 256 Class C Networks (or a class B sized block)
IP addresses
Can
be described by one Supernetted Route
192.24.0.0
Updated
192.24.0.0 thru 192.24.255.255

Mask 255.255.0.0
12
Concepts
Exterior Routes
Routes
learned from other autonomous

systems
Updated
13
Concepts
External Neighbor
Between BGP Speakers in

different AS
Should be directly connected
Configuration
Router A
bgp {
group EXTERNAL {
neighbor 1.1.1.2;
type external;
peer-as 200 ;
}
{
AS 100
A
.1
1.1.1.0
AS 200
.2
Router B
bgp {
group EXTERNAL {
neighbor 1.1.1.1;
type external;
peer-as 100 ;
}
{
Updated
14
Concepts
Internal Neighbor
Neighbor in same AS
May be several hop away
Configuration
Router A
bgp {
group INTERNAL {
type internal;
neighbor 1.1.1.1;
}
}
AS 100
A
B
Router B
bgp {
group INTERNAL {
neighbor 2.2.2.2;
type internal;
}
{
Updated
15
Concepts
Internal vs. External BGP
EBGP Update
Local Preference
Removed
MED
Removed the MED from
previous AS
Unchanged
Cluster list
Prepend the Cluster ID
by RR
Changed to the local address
Next-hop address
Preserved
Prepend the local AS
AS Path
Unchanged
Updated
IBGP Update
Preserved
Preserved
16
BGP Attribute
Well-known mandatory Always present in a BGP
update. All BGP implementations recognize these
attributes. An example is the BGP next hop attribute.
(Origin, AsPath)
Well-known discretionary - Might be present in a BGP
update. All BGP implementations recognize these
attributes. An example is the local preference
attribute.
Optional transitive - Must be passed to other BGP peers
even if the local peer does not understand or process
the attribute. An example is the community attribute.
Optional non-transitive - Must not be passed to other
BGP peers. An example is the MED attribute
Updated
17
Concepts
AS path Attributes
Standard attribute types
1, ORIGIN
2, AS_PATH
3, NEXT_HOP
4, MULTI_EXIT_DISC
5, LOCAL_PREF
6, ATOMIC_AGGREGATE
7, AGGREGATOR
(well-known mandatory)
(optional non-transitive)
(well-known discretionary)
(well-known discretionary)
(optional transitive)
Additional attribute types have been created via supplemental

specifications to extend the protocol
8, Community
9, Originator Id
10, Cluster list
11, Destination Path Attribute
Updated
18
Concepts
AS-Path
Path traversed one or more

members of a set
{100 200} (as-set)
A list of ASs that a route has

traversed
100
143.89.14.0/24
206.161.46.0/24
200
206.161.47.0/24
300 100 (sequence)

300
210.168.35.0/24
143.89.14.0/24 300 100

210.168.35.0/24 300
206.161.46.0/23 300 {100 200}
Updated
19
Concepts
Next-hop
set by EBGP speaker or policy
Next hop to reach a network

Router A will advertise 100.100.100.1 next hop for network 150.10.0.0
A
AS 109
150.10.0.0/16
100.100.100.0
.1
.2
AS 173
B
Updated
20
Concepts
Next-hop Issue
Router B would advertise 100.100.100.3 as an next-hop to reach the

network behind router C to AS 109 ( router A )
Router A
AS 109
.1
EBGP
100.100.100.0/24
.2
.3
AS 173
Router B
Updated
Router C
21
Concepts
Next-hop Issue
Problem will occur if the network in-between is actually an NBMA

network !
Router A
AS 109
.1
EBGP
100.100.100.0/24
.2
.3
AS 173
Router B
Updated
Router C
22
Concepts
Next-hop Issue
Use next-hop self to solve

Router A
Router B:
protocol bgp {
group BGP-to-router-A {
export chg-nexthop;
}
EBGP
}
policy-options policy-statement chg-nexthop {
from protocol bgp;
then next-hop self;
AS 173
}
AS 109
.1
100.100.100.0/24
.2
Router B
Updated
.3
Router C
23
Concepts
Local Preference
AS 200
AS 666
AS 180
Where to 200 ??
AS 173
Preference send to all routers in local AS

Path with highest preference value are most desirable
Updated
24
Concepts
Local Preference
AS 200
AS 666
AS 180
bgp {
group EXTERNAL {
type external;
peer-as 666
local-preference 100;
neighbor 1.1.1.1;
}
}
Updated
AS 173
25
Concepts
Multi-Exit Discriminator (MED)
32-bit, non-negative
Affects
all routes from same AS path
Advertised
Lower
Updated
to external neighbors
MED value is more preferable
26
Concepts
AS 666
AS 200
AS 1800
AS 1988
AS 2000
AS 173
Updated
Applies on a AS path basis
27
Concepts
Router A:
bgp {
group EXTERNAL {
type external;
neighbor 1.1.1.1 {
export MED;
peer-as 666;
}
}
}
Updated
policy-statement MED {
from as-path via-200;
then {
metric 200;
accept;
}
}
as-path via-200 ".* 200";
28
Concepts
AS 666
set MED = 200
AS 200
AS 1800
AS 1988
AS 2000
AS 173
Updated
29
Concepts
Origin
describes how a route was injected into BGP at the originating AS

IGP
Default export type on policy statement for BGP

EGP
From protocol EGP, can be specified in the export policy

Incomplete
Unknown source of information, can be specified in the export

policy
Updated
30
Concepts
Atomic Aggregate
Used
to inform BGP speaker about less specific

route.
More
specific route exists and is included in it
BGP speaker
receiving this attribute shall not

remove the attribute when propagating it
Updated
31
Concepts
Aggregator (6-bytes)
Last AS
number that formed the aggregate

route (2 bytes)
IP address
of the BGP speaker that formed

the aggregate route (4-bytes)
Updated
32
Concepts
Route Reflector and Confederation
Scaling
would be an issue when there are too many BGP

peer within the AS
BGP speaker would not pass the BGP routes learn from
an IBGP peer to another IBGP peers
Number of connection required = n(n-1)/2
Updated
33
Concepts
Route Reflector RFC 1966
Acting
as a mirror to reflect the BGP routes learned

from the IBGP peers to the clients
Update from non-client to all clients
Update from client to all non-clients and the other clients
except the one originated the route
Provide the normal BGP speaker function to all other
non-clients
Pending cluster-list and originator ID
Updated
34
Concepts
Route Reflector
IBGP
AS300
EBGP
EBGP
IBGP
IBGP
AS100
IBGP
IBGP
IBGP
AS200
IBGP
IBGP
EBGP
AS300
RR
EBGP
non-client
AS100
IBGP
client
Updated
AS200
IBGP
client
35
Concepts
Route Reflector
Loop
Prevention
Originator
ID
If the attribute originator ID has not been created in the
attribute of the route, the RR will create this attribute
The content of originator ID is the router ID of the IBGP peer
that pass this route to the RR
The RR would not reflect the route back to the

originator
Updated
36
Concepts
Route Reflector
Loop
Prevention
Cluster
list
When the RR reflect the route to other peers, it will prepend its
cluster ID within the cluster list
If the RR receive a route with its cluster ID within the

cluster list, the route would be discarded
Updated
37
Concepts
Confederation RFC 1965
Scale
down an AS into several Sub-ASs

Each BGP peers between sub-AS would act as EBGP peer
except some of the attributes remain unchanged
Local-preference passed through such a connect
MED, next-hop unchanged between member ASs of the
confederation.
Updated
38
Concepts
Confederation
IBGP
IBGP
EBGP
IBGP
IBGP
IBGP
AS100
IBGP
IBGP
IBGP
EBGP
IBGP
EBGP
AS200
AS65500
IBGP
IBGP
AS100
IBGP
IBGP
IBGP
AS65501
AS200
Updated
39
Summary
BGP Concept
BGP Operation
Route
Control
Configuration
Trouble-shooting
Juniper
Updated
vs. Cisco
40
BGP Protocol Messages
Four types of messages

Open
Update
Keepalive
Notification
Updated
41
BGP Header
0
1
2
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|
|
+
+
|
|
+
+
|
Marker
|
+
+
|
|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|
Length
|
Type
|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Marker: synchronization and authentication
Updated
42
BGP Open message

0
1
2
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|
Version
|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|
My Autonomous System
|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|
Hold Time
|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|
BGP Identifier
|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Opt Parm Len |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|
|
|
Optional Parameters
|
|
|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Updated
43
OPEN Message (Cont.)
Optional Parameters
Authentication
Information (type 1)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Auth. Code
|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|
|
|
Authentication Data
|
|
|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Updated
44
NOTIFICATION Message
0
1
2
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Error code
| Error subcode |
Data
|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
|
|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
1 = HRD Error
2 = OPEN Error
3= UPDATE Error
4 = Hold Time Expired
5 = FSM Error
6 = Cease(for fatal errors
listed)
Updated
besides the ones already
45
UPDATE Message
+-----------------------------------------------------+
|
Unfeasible Routes Length (2 octets)
|
+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Withdrawn Routes (variable)
|
+-----------------------------------------------------+
|
Total Path Attribute Length (2 octets)
|
+-----------------------------------------------------+
|
Path Attributes (variable)
|
+-----------------------------------------------------+
|
Network Layer Reachability Information (variable) |
+-----------------------------------------------------+
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Attr. Flags |Attr. Type Code|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Updated
+---------------------------+
|
Length (1 octet)
|
+---------------------------+
|
Prefix (variable)
|
+---------------------------+
46
BGP Operation
BGP-4 Message Exchange
BGPPeers
TCP
BGP
Idle
Connect
Initializing
OpenSent
OpenConfirm
Established
Updated
SynSent
Established
Open
KeepAlive
Update
TCP
syn
Syn +Ack
Ack
BGP
Listen
SynReceived
Established
Open
KeepAlive
Update
Idle
Connect
Initializing
OpenSent
OpenConfirm
Established
47
BGP Operation
BGP-4 FSM
Idle
1
2
3
4
Connect
6
12
5
11
OpenSent
9
10
Active
13
OpenConfirm
14
15
Established
Updated
16
48
BGP Operation
Current
State
New
State
Event
Idle
Idle
Connect
1). Error
2). Start
Connect
Idle
Connect
Open Sent
3).
4).
5).
6).
Active
Any other event

ConnectRetry Timer Expired
Transport Protocol Connect Succeeds
Transport Protocol Connect Fails
Open sent--- Wait for open from peer

Open Sent
Updated
Idle
7). Stop, Open Error, Connection Collision,

Hold Timer Expires, or any other event
Open Confirm
Active
8). No Errors
9). Disconnect Notification
49
BGP Operation
Current
State
New
State
Event
Active
Open Sent
Connect
Active
10). Transport Connect Protocol Succeeds

11). ConnectRetry Timer Expired
12). Remote Peer Trying, IP Address Not
Expected
Idle
13). Any Other Event
Open Confirm (waiting notification or keepalive handshake)

Open Confirm
Established
Updated
Idle
14). Hold Timer Expired, Notification,

Disconnect, Stop, or any other event
Established
15). Keepalive
Idle
16). Notification, UPDATE Message error

Disconnect Notification, Hold Timer
Expired, Stop, or any other event
50
Summary
BGP Concept
BGP Operation
Route
Control
Configuration
Trouble-shooting
Juniper
Updated
vs. Cisco
51
Route Control
Route Selection
Route with lowest preference value

Route with highest local preference
Route with the shortest AS path length
Route with the lowest origin code ( IGP < EGP < incomplete )
Route with the lowest MED (cisco-nondeterministic / always-compare-med )
Routes are local generated
Routes from EBGP peer
Routes with the closest next-hop (determined by IGP metric)
Routes from the peer with lowest router-id
Routes from the neighbor with lowest IP address
Updated
52
Route Control
Policy Control
Import
/ Export Policy
Communities
AS path
Route filtering
Updated
53
Route Control
Import / Export Policy

Per
group / neighbor import / export policy
Used
for advertise routes originated from the

local AS
Used
for change / add / delete BGP attributes
Global
specific > Group specific > Neighbor

specific
Updated
54
Route Control

Applying
policies:
bgp {
import global-import-policy-here;
export global-export-policy-here;
group testing-policy {
import group-import-policy-here;
export group-export-policy-here;
neighbor 1.1.1.1 {
import neighbor-import-policy-here;
export neighbor-export-policy-here;
}
}
}
Updated
55
Route Control

Check
the routes received from a peer before

applying an import policy:
show route receive-protocol bgp 1.1.1.1
Check
the routes sent to a peer after

applying an export policy:
show route advertising-protocol bgp 1.1.1.1
Updated
56
Route Control
Community
Well-known
community
no-advertise
Do not advertise to neighbors
no-export
Do not advertise outside your confederation/AS
no-export-subconfed Do not advertise outside your subconfederation
Define
Community
community community-name members [ 100:10 100:30 ];
Updated
57
Route Control
AS Path
AS
Path Regular Expressions
{m,n}
{m}
{m,}
*
+
?
|
Updated
at least m and most n repetitions of term.

Exact m repetitions of term
m or more repetitions of term
Zero or more repetitions of term
One or more repetitions of term
Zero or one repetitions of term
One of the two terms on either side of the pipe
58
Route Control
Route filtering
Filtering
based on IP prefix / AS path /

Community string / Neighbor / Origin ..
Import / Export policy
Updated
59
Route Control
Route filtering
Matching
criteria
+ as-path
+ community
local-preference
+ neighbor
Origin
> prefix-list
> route-filter
Updated
Name of AS path regular expression (BGP only)

BGP community
Local preference associated with a route
Neighboring router
BGP origin attribute
List of prefix-lists of routes to match
List of routes to match
60
Route Control
Route filtering
Matching AS
Path
policy-statement filtering {
from as-path testing-as-path;
then accept;
}
as-path testing-as-path ".* 200";
Updated
61
Route Control
Route filtering
Matching
Community string
from community testing-community;
then accept;
}
community testing-community members 100:200;
Updated
62
Route Control
Route filtering
Matching
route entry
from route-filter 100.100.0.0/16 orlonger;
then accept;
}
Updated
63
Route Control
Route filtering
Matching
within a group of route entries
prefix-list route-list {
100.100.0.0/16;
100.110.0.0/16;
100.120.0.0/16;
}
from prefix-list route-list;
then accept;
}
Updated
64
Summary
BGP Concept
BGP Operation
Route
Control
Configuration
Trouble-shooting
Juniper
Updated
vs. Cisco
65
Configuration
BGP minimum
configuration
[routing-options]
autonomous-system <your own AS>;
[protocol bgp]
group BGP-setup {
type [external | internal];
peer-as <peers AS>;
neighbor <peer IP address>;
}
Updated
66
Configuration
Example
[protocol bgp]
group BGP-setup {
type external;
peer-as 100;
neighbor 100.1.1.2;
}
[routing-options]
autonomous-system 200;
Updated
67
Configuration
Set
the local-preference
[protocol bgp]
group BGP-setup {
type external;
peer-as 100;
neighbor 100.1.1.2;
}
Set
the MED
[protocol bgp]
group BGP-setup {
type external;
metric-out 200;
peer-as 100;
neighbor 100.1.1.2;
}
Updated
68
Configuration
Change
the origin
[protocol policy-options]
policy-statement change-origin {
from protocol aggregate;
then {
origin incomplete;
accept;
}
}
[protocol bgp]
group BGP-setup {
type external;
export change-origin;
peer-as 100;
neighbor 100.1.1.2;
}
Updated
69
Configuration
AS-prepend
[policy-options]
policy-statement as-prepend {
then {
as-path-prepend 300 300 300";
accept;
}
}
[protocol bgp]
group BGP-setup {
type external;
export as-prepend;
peer-as 100;
neighbor 100.1.1.2;
}
Updated
70
Configuration
Attach
community
[protocol bgp]
group BGP-setup {
type external;
export att-community;
peer-as 100;
neighbor 100.1.1.2;
}
[policy-options]
policy-statement att-community {
then {
community set send-community;
}
}
community send-community members [ 100:10 200:10 ];
Updated
71
Configuration
Route
Reflector
[protocol bgp]
group RR-client {
type internal;
cluster 100.1.1.1;
neighbor 100.1.1.2;
neighbor 100.1.1.3;
}
group non-client {
type internal;
neighbor 10.1.1.2;
}
group EBGP {
type external;
peer-as 100;
neighbor 192.168.1.2;
}
Updated
72
Configuration
Confederation
[routing-options]
confederation 200 members [ 65000 65001 ];
[protocol bgp]
group confe {
type external;
peer-as 65001;
neighbor 100.1.1.2;
}
Updated
73
Configuration
Advertise
summary network
[routing-options]
aggregate {
route 202.168.0.0/17 discard;
}
[policy-options]
policy-statement adv-summary {
then accept;
}
[protocol bgp]
group BGP-setup {
type external;
export adv-summary;
peer-as 100;
neighbor 100.1.1.2;
}
Updated
74
Configuration
Advertise
the routing entries in other protocol
[policy-options]
policy-statement adv-ospf {
from protocol ospf;
then accept;
}
[protocol bgp]
group BGP-setup {
type external;
export adv-ospf;
peer-as 100;
neighbor 100.1.1.2;
}
Updated
75
Summary
BGP concepts
BGP Operation
Route
Control
Configuration
Trouble-shooting
Juniper
Updated
vs. Cisco
76
Trouble-shooting
Checking
the BGP neighbor status
root@router> show bgp summary

Groups: 1
Peers: 1 Down Peers: 0
Table
Tot Paths Act Paths Suppressed History Damp State Pending
inet.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
inet.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
Peer
AS InPkt OutPkt OutQ Flaps Last Up/Dwn State|#Active/Received/Damped...
100.1.1.2
65001
275
279
0
0 02:17:30 0/0/0
0/0/0
Updated
77
Trouble-shooting
Neighbor cant establish

Groups: 1
Table
inet.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
inet.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
Peer
AS
InPkt OutPkt OutQ Flaps Last Up/Dwn State|#Active/Received/Damped...
100.1.1.2
65001
0
4
0
0 00:00:57 Active
Enable traceoption
[protocol bgp]
traceoptions {
file bgp-trace;
flag packets detail;
flag open detail;
}
Updated
78
Trouble-shooting
Monitoring
root@router> monitor start bgp-trace
*** bgp-trace ***
Nov 10 14:53:50
Nov 10 14:53:50 BGP RECV 100.1.1.2+1113 -> 100.1.1.1+179
Nov 10 14:53:50 BGP RECV message type 1 (Open) length 45
Nov 10 14:53:50 BGP RECV version 4 as 65001 holdtime 90 id 192.168.1.2 parmlen 16
Nov 10 14:53:50 MP capability AFI=1, SAFI=1
Nov 10 14:53:50 Refresh capability, code=128
Nov 10 14:53:50 bgp_pp_recv: dropping 100.1.1.2 (External AS 65001), connection collision prefers
100.1.1.2+1113 (proto)
Nov 10 14:53:50 bgp_send: sending 45 bytes to 100.1.1.2 (External AS 65001)
Nov 10 14:53:50
Nov 10 14:53:50 BGP SEND 100.1.1.1+179 -> 100.1.1.2+1113
Nov 10 14:53:50 BGP SEND message type 1 (Open) length 45
Updated
79
Trouble-shooting
Monitoring
Nov 10 14:53:50 BGP SEND version 4 as 65000 holdtime 90 id 192.168.1.1 parmlen 16
Nov 10 14:53:50 MP capability AFI=1, SAFI=1
Nov 10 14:53:50 bgp_send: sending 19 bytes to 100.1.1.2 (External AS 65001)
Nov 10 14:53:50
Nov 10 14:53:50 BGP SEND 100.1.1.1+179 -> 100.1.1.2+1113
Nov 10 14:53:50 BGP SEND message type 4 (KeepAlive) length 19
Nov 10 14:53:50
Nov 10 14:53:50 BGP RECV 100.1.1.2+1113 -> 100.1.1.1+179
Nov 10 14:53:50 BGP RECV message type 3 (Notification) length 21
Nov 10 14:53:50 BGP RECV Notification code 2 (Open Message Error) subcode 2 (bad peer AS
number)
root@router> monitor stop bgp-trace
Updated
80
Trouble-shooting
Configuration
Near end
[routing-options]
confederation 200 members [ 65000 65001 65002 ];
[protocol bgp]
Far End
group bgp-demo {
[routing-options]
type external;
peer-as 65001;
confederation 200 members [ 65000 65001 65002 ];
neighbor 100.1.1.2;
[protocol bgp]
}
admin@Jessie# show protocols bgp
group testing {
type external;
peer-as 65002;
neighbor 100.1.1.1;
}
Updated
81
Trouble-shooting
Logged
result:
root@router> file show /var/log/?

Possible completions:
<[Enter]>
Execute this command
<filename>
Filename to display
/var/log/bgp-trace Size: 2459, Last changed: Nov 7 18:41:08
Stop
logging:
root@router# delete protocols bgp traceoptions

root@router# commit
Updated
82
Trouble-shooting
Other
problem
Local-address definition (ciscos update-source)

[protocol bgp]
group <group> {
local-address <local IP address>;
}
Peer AS mis-configured
Peer address unreachable
Mulithop issue for EBGP

[protocol bgp]
group <group> {
multihop;
}
Updated
83
Trouble-shooting
Problem
Report
show
bgp summary
show bgp neighbor
show bgp group
show version
show configuration
Updated
84
Summary
BGP concepts
BGP Operation
Route
Control
Configuration
Trouble-shooting
Juniper
Updated
vs. Cisco
85
Presentation and command difference between

Juniper and Cisco
Juniper:
fxp1 {
unit 0 {
family inet { address 172.27.4.172/24; }
}
}
lo0 {
unit 0 {
family inet { address 192.168.1.3/32; }
}
}
routing-options {
}
group Cisco {
type external;
multihop;
local-address 192.168.1.3;
peer-as 200;
neighbor 192.168.1.254;
}
Updated
Cisco:
interface Loopback0
ip address 192.168.1.254 255.255.255.255
!
interface Ethernet0
ip address 172.27.4.173 255.255.255.0
!
router bgp 200
neighbor 192.168.1.3 remote-as 100
neighbor 192.168.1.3 ebgp-multihop 255
neighbor 192.168.1.3 update-source Loopback0
!
Juniper
Cisco
86

Juniper and Cisco
root@Juniper> show bgp summary
Groups: 1
Table
inet.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
inet.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
Peer
AS InPkt OutPkt OutQ Flaps Last Up/Dwn State|
#Active/Received/Damped...
192.168.1.254 200
12
14
0
0 00:05:46 0/0/0
0/0/0
Cisco#show ip bgp summary

BGP table version is 1, main routing table version 1
Neighbor
192.168.1.3
Updated
V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down State/PfxRcd

4 100 14 14
1 0 0 00:05:39
0
87

Juniper and Cisco
root@Juniper> show bgp neighbor
Peer: 192.168.1.254+179 AS 200 Local: 192.168.1.3+3844 AS 100
Type: External State: Established Flags: <>
Last State: OpenConfirm
Last Event: RecvKeepAlive
Last Error: None
Options: <Multihop Preference LocalAddress HoldTime PeerAS Refresh>
Local Address: 192.168.1.3 Holdtime: 90 Preference: 170
Number of flaps: 0
Peer ID: 192.168.1.254
Local ID: 192.168.1.3 Active Holdtime: 90
Keepalive Interval: 30
NLRI advertised by peer:
NLRI for this session: inet-unicast
Peer does not support Refresh capability
Updated
88

Juniper and Cisco
Table inet.0 Bit: 10000
Active Prefixes: 0
Received Prefixes: 0
Suppressed due to damping: 0
Table inet.2 Bit: 20000
Active Prefixes: 0
Received Prefixes: 0
Suppressed due to damping: 0
Last traffic (seconds):
Received 3 Sent 3 Checked 3
Input messages: Total 16 Updates 0
Refreshes 0 Octets 304
Output messages: Total 18 Updates 0
Refreshes 0 Octets 368
Output Queue[0]: 0
Output Queue[1]: 0
Route Queue Timer: unset Route Queue: empty
Updated
89

Juniper and Cisco
Cisco#show ip bgp neighbors
BGP neighbor is 192.168.1.3, remote AS 100, external link
Index 1, Offset 0, Mask 0x2
BGP version 4, remote router ID 192.168.1.3
BGP state = Established, table version = 1, up for 00:08:45
Last read 00:00:15, hold time is 90, keepalive interval is 30 seconds
Minimum time between advertisement runs is 30 seconds
Received 20 messages, 0 notifications, 0 in queue
Sent 20 messages, 0 notifications, 0 in queue
Connections established 1; dropped 0
Last reset never
No. of prefix received 0
External BGP neighbor may be up to 255 hops away.
Connection state is ESTAB, I/O status: 1, unread input bytes: 0
Local host: 192.168.1.254, Local port: 179
Foreign host: 192.168.1.3, Foreign port: 3844
Enqueued packets for retransmit: 0, input: 0 mis-ordered: 0 (0 bytes)
Updated
90

Juniper and Cisco
Event Timers (current time is 0x2590F0):
Timer
Starts Wakeups
Next
Retrans
21
0
0x0
TimeWait
0
0
0x0
AckHold
20
17
0x0
SendWnd
0
0
0x0
KeepAlive
0
0
0x0
GiveUp
0
0
0x0
PmtuAger
0
0
0x0
DeadWait
0
0
0x0
iss: 401687383 snduna: 401687774 sndnxt: 401687774 sndwnd: 16384
irs: 486200570 rcvnxt: 486200977 rcvwnd:
15978 delrcvwnd: 406
SRTT: 342 ms, RTTO: 1337 ms, RTV: 326 ms, KRTT: 0 ms
minRTT: 4 ms, maxRTT: 300 ms, ACK hold: 200 ms
Flags: passive open, nagle, gen tcbs
Datagrams (max data segment is 556 bytes):
Rcvd: 25 (out of order: 0), with data: 20, total data bytes: 406
Sent: 38 (retransmit: 0), with data: 20, total data bytes: 390
Updated
91

Juniper and Cisco
Juniper
Cisco
no synchronization ( Default behavior )

set policy-options damping cisco
set routing-options confederation members
set protocols bgp group Cisco cluster
no synchronization
bgp damping
bgp confederation
bgp cluster-id
show bgp neighbor

show bgp summary
show route aspath-regex "200"
show ip bgp neighbor

show ip bgp summary
show ip bgp regexp ^200$
Updated
92
Thank you!
http://www.juniper.net

Introduction To Border Gateway Protocol (BGP 4)

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Introduction To Border Gateway Protocol (BGP 4)

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Introduction to

Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright

The BGP protocol was developed by the IDR Working Group

A fourth version was published in July 1994 as RFC 1654

IP prefix and length advertisements

Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright

BGP Protocol Overview

JUNOS software supports BGP Version 4 and several extensions

RFC 1771, A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)

Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright

the concept of classless interdomain routing to allow better use of

policy-based routing using a set of pre-defined path attributes

BGP-4 supports route aggregation and AS aggregation (I.e., AS

fast convergence by requiring the router to inform its neighbors

large routing table size

authentication using BGP identifier and AS number. In addition, it

Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright

TCP port 179

Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright

The classic definition of an Autonomous System is a set of routers

Currently, it has become common for a single AS to use several

Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright

Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright

Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright

and Aggregation Strategy

to aggregate IP addresses into blocks of

routing information through this aggregation

router resources (CPU, memory)

Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright

are allocated Blocks of IP addresses

blocks are allocated in powers of 2

Blocks of Address Space can be Aggregated into one

of 256 Class C Networks (or a class B sized block)

be described by one Supernetted Route

192.24.0.0 thru 192.24.255.255

Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright

learned from other autonomous

Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright

Between BGP Speakers in

Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright

Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright

Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright

Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright

Standard attribute types

Additional attribute types have been created via supplemental

Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright

Path traversed one or more

A list of ASs that a route has

300 100 (sequence)

143.89.14.0/24 300 100

Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright

Next hop to reach a network

Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright

Router B would advertise 100.100.100.3 as an next-hop to reach the

Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright

Problem will occur if the network in-between is actually an NBMA

Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright

Use next-hop self to solve

Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright

Preference send to all routers in local AS

Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright

Juniper Networks, Inc. Copyright

all routes from same AS path