Flows With More Than One Dependent

Variable - 2D Example

Juan M. Lopez
BIEN 501
Wednesday, March 21, 2007

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Recall - Generalized Newtonian

T pI 2 D where 2tr D D

Recall that:

1
T
v v
2

tr stands for trace, which is

the sum of the diagonal
elements. Tr(T)=Tii
While the expression looks complicated, it will look
much simpler once a given form for is found.

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Generalized Newtonian
T pI 2 D where 2tr D D

Recall that:

1
T
v v
2

tr stands for trace, which is

the sum of the diagonal
elements. Tr(T)=Tii

1 0 0
u1
T P v 0 1 0

x 2

0
0
1

u1
x
3

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ui
x1
u
2
x1
u
3
x1

u2 u1

x1 x 2
u
2 2
u2
u2 u3

x3 x 2

u3 u1

x1 x3
u3 u2

x 2 x3
u
2 3
x3

Parallel Plate Poiseuille Flow

Given: A steady, fully developed, laminar flow of a Newtonian fluid in a rectangular

channel of two parallel plates where the width of the channel is much larger than the
height, h, between the plates.

Find: The velocity profile and shear stress due to the flow.

Assumptions:
Entrance Effects Neglected
No-Slip Condition
No vorticity/turbulence

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Additional and Highlighted

Important Assumptions
The width is very large compared to the
height of the plate.
No entrance or exit effects.
Fully developed flow.
THEREFORE
Velocity can only be dependent on vertical
location in the flow (vx)
(vy) = (vz) = 0
The pressure drop is constant and in the xdirection only. p Constant p , where L is a length in x.
x

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Boundary Conditions
No Slip Condition Applies
Therefore, at y = -h/2 and y = +h/2, v = 0

The bounding walls in the z direction are

often ignored. If we dont ignore them we
also need:
z = -w/2 and z = +w/2, v = 0, where w is the
width of the channel.

For this problem we include this, and

make the width finite to make this
dependent on two variables.
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Incompressible Newtonian
Stress Tensor
Adapted from Table 3.3 in the text.

u x
2
x
u y u x

x
y
u z u x

x
z

u y u x

y
x
u y
2
y
u z u y

z
y

u z u x

u z u y

z
y

u z

Now, we cancel terms out

based on our assumptions.
This results in our new
tensor:

u x

y
u x

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u x

u x

Navier-Stokes Equations
In Vector Form:

v
2

v g

(Eq. 3.3.25)

Which we expand to component form from table 3.4:

x - component :
2vx 2vx 2vx
v x
v x
vx
v x
p


vx
vy
vz
2 2 g x
2
x
y
z
x
y
z
t
x
y - component :
2v y 2v y 2v y
v y
v y
v y
v y
p


vx
vy
vz
2 2 g y
2
x
y
z
y
y
z
t
x
z - component :
2vz 2vz 2vz
v z
vz
vz
v z
p


vx
vy
vz
2 2 g z
2
x
y
z
z
y
z
t
x
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Reducing Navier-Stokes
x - component :
2vx 2vx 2vx
v x
v x
v x
v x
p


vx
vy
vz
2 2 g x
2
x
y
z
x
y
z
t
x
y - component :
2v y 2v y 2v y
v y
v y
v y
v y
p


vx
vy
vz
2 2 g y
2
x
y
z
y
y
z
x
t
z - component :
2vz 2vz 2vz
v z
v z
v z
v z
p


vx
vy
vz
2 2 g z
2
x
y
z
z
y
z
t
x
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Reducing Navier-Stokes
ThisModified
reduces to:
Pressure

p
0
x

2vx 2vx

2
2
z
y

Including our constant pressure drop:

2vx 2vx
p
0

2
2
L
z
y

Oops! Now we have a nonhomogenous

higher-order differential equation that is
inseparable. How do we deal with it?
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DiffEq Assumptions

We will assume this solution is a combination of simple parallel plate

Poiseuille flow plus some perturbation that is dependent on the
walls and finite width.

Extracting the 1D Poiseuille flow, we can rewrite the equation as:

2vx 2vx
p

2
2
L
z
y

where v x

v x y, z

Vx y y , z

Therefore :
0

d 2Vx
2 2
p
2 2

2
L
z
y
dy

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DiffEq Solution - Setup

We can separate this into two equations, each of which equals zero.
Why?
0=0+0

d 2Vx
2 2
p
2 2
0

2
L
z
y
dy
Separated :
0

d 2Vx
p

2
L
dy

2 2
2 2
z
y

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DiffEq Solution - Poiseuille

d 2Vx
p

2
L
dy
because this is the simple Poiseuille solution, we can see from
Eq. 2.7.18 that the above equation is equivalent to :
p
L

d 2Vx

2
dy
d yx

dy

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DiffEq Solution - Poiseuille

From our stress tensor definition, yx

du x

dy

Therefore, we can follow the solution from

Section 2.7.2 to end up with :
ph 2
4 y2
1 2
ux
8L
h
Now we can focus our remaining efforts on the perturbation
function.
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Perturbation Function - Reduction

0

2 2
2 2
z
y

Where

y, z Y y Z z
Therefore
0

2Y y Z z 2Y y Z z

2
2

We can approach this

perturbation function by
a separation of
variables method, as it
is homogeneous.

2Y y
2Z z
1
2Y y
2Z z
Z z
Y y

Z z
Y y
2
2
2
2

z
Y

1 2Y y
0
1 2Z z
0

2
2

Y
y

y
Z
z

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Perturbation Function - Separation

Because each term is independent of the other term, the
ONLY way this can be true is if each of the expressions is
equal to a constant. Thus we define a constant as follows:
2
2

Y
y
1

Z z
2

Y y y 2
Z z z 2
We can now use our standard homogeneous
general solution :
Y y A1 sin y A2 cos y

Z z B1 sinh y B2 cosh y

Now we can use our boundary conditions to solve for

these constants.

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Perturbation Function B.C.s

At y 0, we have a symetric region in our flow
(the point of maximum velocity on our parabola)
dY

0|y 0
dy
dY
A1 cos 0 A2 sin 0 0
dy
Because cos 0 1, A1 must be 0.
At the walls (y / - h/2) :
dY
0 cos h 2 A2 sin h 2 0
dy
To be a nontrivial solution, A2 cannot 0

Therefore, sin h 2 0 (error in text ?)

Thus can only have values of n 2n 1

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Perturbation Function B.C.s

For the Z portion of our separated function :
dZ
dZ

0|z 0
B1n cosh 0 B2 n sinh 0 0
dz
dz
Because cosh 0 1, B1 must be 0.
dZ
B2 sinh h 0
dz
To be a nontrivial solution, B2 cannot 0
We can now combine our equation for Y and our equation for Z to give us .

Y y Z z A1 cos n y B2 cosh n z
n 1

Because constants are just constants, they combine

An cosh n z cos n y
n 1

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Perturbation Function B.C.s

We use our Boundary Conditions one more time to obtain :

An cosh n z cos n y

y, z

y , w 2
y , w 2

n 1

An cosh n w cos n y u x
2
n 1

n 1

2
2

p
h
4
y
1 2
An cosh n w cos n y
2
8L
h

We now have an equation purely in terms of one variable (y). We can integrate to solve for
the coefficient An . At this point the textbook multiplies both sides of the equation by

2m 1y
cos
. This makes both sides of the equation appropriately periodic.
h

This solution is nontrivial only when n m, so this can be rewritten as :

n 1

2
2

2
n

p
h
4
y

2n 1y
1 2 cos
An cosh n w cos n y cos

2
h
8L
h
h

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Perturbation Function Integration

We can now integrate :
w cos y cos 2n 1y dy
cosh

n
n

h / 2

n 0

An

h/2

ph 2
4 y2
2n 1y

cos
h / 2 8L h 2 h dy
Rearranging, we can re - write with the coefficient isolated :

DID YOU CATCH THAT?

h/2

cos 2n 1y dy
w

cosh

cos

n
n
2
h / 2

n 0
2
h / 2 ph
4 y2
2n 1y

cos
h / 2 8L h 2 h dy

An

h/2

Which results in :

ph 2
32

1
3 3
8L 2n 1
An
2n 1w
cosh

2
h

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for

n 0,1,2,...,

This is a form of the

Fourier Transform.

Express a function as a
series of sin and cosine
terms, and then you can
integrate and

Perturbation Function Integration

We can plug this into our original equations :
2n 1z
2n 1y
cos

h
h

2n 1 3 3 cosh 2n 1w
2h

32 1 cosh
n

ph 2
4 y 2 ph 2
1 2
v x y, z
8L
h
8L

n 0

The textbook covers a way of calculating the shear stress. However, we have the
stress tensor, so we can go to this tensor directly to calculate this from our equation
above.

u x

y
u x

u x

u x

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You should be able to start

spotting the similarities between
our velocity equation, above, and
the stress tensor on the left.

Discussion
Why would it be useful to run an analysis
like this?
Helps select critical design dimensions for a
flow channel.
If there is a controlling dimension, we can
design a workaround.

Where else do you think they run this type

of analysis in engineering?

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need them
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problems and answer questions about the
current assignment.
New assignment to be posted soon.
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 QUESTIONS?

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