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CE 6404 SURVEYING II UNIT III

TOTAL STATION SURVEYING


Basic principle - Classifications.
Electro-optical system: Measuring principle, Working principle,

Sources of error.
Infrared and Laser Total Station instruments.
Microwave system: Measuring principle, Working principle, Sources

of error.
Microwave Total Station instruments.
Comparison between Electro-optical and Microwave system.
Care and maintenance of Total Station instruments.
Modern positioning systems - Traversing and Trilateration.
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MODERN SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS


As an outcome of continuous technological development, in the last
few decades, new varieties of electronic instruments have been
invented for surveying and with these inventions, modern surveying
practices came into existence.
Hence with modern surveying instruments, survey work will be precise,
faster and less tedious.
All the readings are recorded automatically by the electronic
instruments in a microprocessor and based on these readings; critical
values are calculated by the microprocessor, at real time. Hence, the
data collected in microprocessor is directly transferred and stored in
the computer as a softcopy.
Modern surveying instruments are becoming more popular and they
are gradually replacing old surveying instruments such as Compass
and Dumpy level.

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Total
station

EDMI

Digital
level

Auto
level

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ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASURING INSTRUMENT (EDMI)


EDMIs were first introduced in 1950's by Geodimeter Inc.
Early instruments were large, heavy, complicated and expensive.
Improvements in electronics have given lighter, simpler, and less
expensive instruments.
EDMIs can be manufactured for use with theodolites (both digital and
optical) or as an independent unit. These can be mounted on standard
units or theodolites or can also be tribrach mounted.
The electronic methods depend on the value of velocity of
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR), which itself is dependent upon
measurement of distance and time.
Hence, there is no inherent improvement in absolute accuracy by these
methods. The advantage is mainly functional - precise linear
measurement can now be used for longer base lines, field operations
can be simplified and trilateration can replace or augment triangulation.
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PRINCIPLE OF EDMI
The general principle involves sending a modulated Electro-magnetic
(EM) beam from one transmitter at the master station to a reflector at
the remote station and receiving it back at the master station.
The instrument measures slope distance between transmitter and
receiver by modulating the continuous carrier wave at different
frequencies, and then measuring the phase difference at the master
station between the outgoing and the incoming signals.
This establishes the following relationship for a double distance (2D).

Where m is unknown integer number of complete wavelengths


contained within double distance, is the measured phase difference
and is modulation wavelength, and k is constant. Multiple modulation
frequencies are used to evaluate , the ambiguity.

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Various EDMIs in use are based on two methods:

using timed pulse techniques such as those used in variety of radar


instruments.

using measurements of a phase difference which may be equated to one part


of a cycle expressed in units of time or length.

Pulse methods have advantages over the phase difference methods but their
weight and power requirement is such that they cannot be classed lightweight
portable instruments.
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PULSE TECHNIQUE
Such measurements incorporate a very precise measurement of time
usually expressed in units of nanoseconds (1x10 -9 s), which a EM wave
takes to travel from one station to another.
In this method, a short, intensive pulse radiation is transmitted to a
reflector target, which is immediately transmitted back to the receiver.
The distance (D) is computed as the velocity of light (V) multiplied by
half the time (t/2) the pulse took to travel back to the receiver (D = V X
t/2).

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PHASE DIFFERENCE TECHNIQUE


The relationship between wavelength and associated phase difference
shows that for a given complete cycle of EM wave, the phase difference
can be expressed both in terms of angular (degrees) and linear (fraction
of wavelengths) units.
In phase difference method used by majority of EDMI, the instrument
measures the amount by which the reflected signal is out of phase
with the emitted signal.

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TOTAL STATION
The total station is an improvised version of modern surveying
instruments such as EDMI, auto level and digital level.
Total station is a combination of an electronic theodolite and an
Electronic Distance Meter (EDM).
This combination makes it possible to determine the coordinates of
reflector by aligning the instruments cross hair on the reflector and
simultaneously measuring the vertical and horizontal angles and slope
distances.
On board micro-processor in the instrument takes care of recording
readings and the necessary computations. The data can be easily
transferred to a computer where it can be used to generate a map.

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FUNCTIONS OF TOTAL STATION


Coordinates determination:
Total station determines the coordinates of an unknown point relative
to the known coordinate by establishing a direct line of sight between the
two points. Angles and distances are measured from the total station to
points under survey and the coordinates of surveyed points relative to the
total station position are calculated using trigonometry and triangulation.
Some total stations have Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS),
which does not require direct line of sight to determine coordinates.

Distance measurement:
A total station has a small solid state emitter within the instruments
optical path. They generate modulated microwave or infrared signals that
are reflected by a prism reflector or the object under survey. The
modulation pattern in the returning signal is read and interpreted by the
computer in the total station. The distance is thus determined by emitting
and receiving multiple frequencies and determining the integer number of
wavelength, to the target, for each frequency.

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Angular measurement:
Most of the modern total stations have digital bar-codes on rotating
glass cylinder that are installed within the instrument. Angle
measurements is done through electro-optical scanning of these digital
bar-codes.

Data processing:
The data recorded by the instrument may be downloaded from the
instrument to a computer and the application software in turn generates
a map of the survey area. Many advanced models of total station have
built-in micro-processor to record and compute distances, horizontal
and vertical angles.

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ADVANTAGES OF TOTAL STATION


Most accurate and user friendly.
Gives position of a point (x, y and z) w. r. t. known point (base point).
EDM is fitted inside the telescope.
Digital display.
On board memory to store data and compatibility with computers.
Measures distance and angles and displays coordinates,
Auto level compensator is available.
Can work in lesser visibility also.
Can measure distances even without prismatic target for lesser
distances.
Is water proof.
On board software are available.
Total solution for surveying work.

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APPLICATIONS OF TOTAL STATION


IN VARIETIES OF FIELDS:
IN CIVIL ENGG. FIELD:

Mainly used by land surveyors.


Used by archaeologists to
record excavations.
By police, crime scene
investigators, private accident
re-constructionists and
insurance companies to take
measurements of scenes.

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General purpose angle


measurements.
General purpose distance
measurement.
Provision of control surveys.
Contour and detail mapping.
Setting out and construction
work.

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AUXILIARY EQUIPMENTS

Targets or Prisms to accurately define the target point of a direction


measurement.

A data recorder if one is not integrated into the total station.

A download cable and software on a PC to capture and process the


captured digital data to produce contour and detail maps.

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CLASSIFICATION OF TOTAL STATION


Wavelength used

Working range

Achievable accuracy

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