Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Sources of error.
Infrared and Laser Total Station instruments.
Microwave system: Measuring principle, Working principle, Sources
of error.
Microwave Total Station instruments.
Comparison between Electro-optical and Microwave system.
Care and maintenance of Total Station instruments.
Modern positioning systems - Traversing and Trilateration.
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Total
station
EDMI
Digital
level
Auto
level
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PRINCIPLE OF EDMI
The general principle involves sending a modulated Electro-magnetic
(EM) beam from one transmitter at the master station to a reflector at
the remote station and receiving it back at the master station.
The instrument measures slope distance between transmitter and
receiver by modulating the continuous carrier wave at different
frequencies, and then measuring the phase difference at the master
station between the outgoing and the incoming signals.
This establishes the following relationship for a double distance (2D).
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Pulse methods have advantages over the phase difference methods but their
weight and power requirement is such that they cannot be classed lightweight
portable instruments.
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PULSE TECHNIQUE
Such measurements incorporate a very precise measurement of time
usually expressed in units of nanoseconds (1x10 -9 s), which a EM wave
takes to travel from one station to another.
In this method, a short, intensive pulse radiation is transmitted to a
reflector target, which is immediately transmitted back to the receiver.
The distance (D) is computed as the velocity of light (V) multiplied by
half the time (t/2) the pulse took to travel back to the receiver (D = V X
t/2).
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TOTAL STATION
The total station is an improvised version of modern surveying
instruments such as EDMI, auto level and digital level.
Total station is a combination of an electronic theodolite and an
Electronic Distance Meter (EDM).
This combination makes it possible to determine the coordinates of
reflector by aligning the instruments cross hair on the reflector and
simultaneously measuring the vertical and horizontal angles and slope
distances.
On board micro-processor in the instrument takes care of recording
readings and the necessary computations. The data can be easily
transferred to a computer where it can be used to generate a map.
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Distance measurement:
A total station has a small solid state emitter within the instruments
optical path. They generate modulated microwave or infrared signals that
are reflected by a prism reflector or the object under survey. The
modulation pattern in the returning signal is read and interpreted by the
computer in the total station. The distance is thus determined by emitting
and receiving multiple frequencies and determining the integer number of
wavelength, to the target, for each frequency.
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Angular measurement:
Most of the modern total stations have digital bar-codes on rotating
glass cylinder that are installed within the instrument. Angle
measurements is done through electro-optical scanning of these digital
bar-codes.
Data processing:
The data recorded by the instrument may be downloaded from the
instrument to a computer and the application software in turn generates
a map of the survey area. Many advanced models of total station have
built-in micro-processor to record and compute distances, horizontal
and vertical angles.
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AUXILIARY EQUIPMENTS
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Working range
Achievable accuracy
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