Chapter11 Modern Atomic Theory

Chapter 11a
Modern Atomic Theory
Chapter 11
Table of Contents
11.1 Rutherfords Atom

11.2 Electromagnetic Radiation
11.3 Emission of Energy by Atoms
11.4 The Energy Levels of Hydrogen
11.5 The Bohr Model of the Atom
2
Section 11.1
Rutherfords Atom
Nuclear Model of the Atom
The atom has a small dense

nucleus which
is positively charged.
contains protons (+1 charge).
contains neutrons (no charge).
The remainder of the atom
is mostly empty space.
contains electrons (1
charge).
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Section 11.1
Rutherfords Atom
The nuclear charge (n+) is balanced by the presence of n

electrons moving in some way around the nucleus.
What are the electrons doing?

How are the electrons arranged and how do they move?
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Section 11.2
Electromagnetic Radiation
Characteristics
Wavelength ( ) distance between two peaks or

troughs in a wave.
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Section 11.2
Different Wavelengths Carry Different Amounts of Energy
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Section 11.2
One of the ways that energy travels through space.
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Section 11.2
Characteristics
Frequency ( ) number of waves (cycles) per

second that pass a given point in space
Speed (c) speed of light (2.9979108 m/s)
c =
186,000 miles/s
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Section 11.2
Dual Nature of Light
Wave
Photon packet of energy
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Section 11.2
Characteristics
Energy of a photon of light = Plancks constant

(h) (6.626 x 10-34Js) times the speed of light (c)
(2.9979108 m/s) divided by the wavelength in
meters () or the wavelength in nanometers
(nm) times ten to the -9 power (550nm = 550 x
10-9m).
OR:
Ephoton=(hc)/
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10
Section 11.2
Lets Practice!
What is the energy of light with a wavelength of
535 nm?
E=hc/
=6.626 x 10-34Js(3.00 x 108m/s)/(535 x 10-9m)
=3.70 x 10-19 J
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11
Section 11.2
Seeing the Light-A New Model of the Atom
Maxwell Planck-Black Body Radiation

1900Nobel Prize in 1918
Found that blackbody

radiation was quantized.
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Section 11.2
Quantized Energy Levels
The energy levels of all atoms are quantized.
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13
Section 11.2
Einsteins Photoelectric Effect

(1905--Nobel Prize in 1921)
Only light from a certain color (energy) could eject electrons. Intensity
of the light had no effect. Energy is absorbed only at quantized
energies!
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Section 11.3
Emission of Energy by Atoms

Atoms can give off light.
They first must receive energy and become excited.
The energy is released in the form of a photon.
The energy of the photon corresponds exactly to the
energy change experienced by the emitting atom.
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15
Section 11.4
The Energy Levels of Hydrogen

Atomic states
Excited state atom with excess energy
Ground state atom in the lowest possible state
When an H atom absorbs energy from an outside
source it enters an excited state.
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16
Section 11.4

Energy Level Diagram
Energy in the photon corresponds to the energy used by
the atom to get to the excited state.
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17
Section 11.4

Stokes Shift-Absorb high energy (UV) and emit low
energy (visible).
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18
Section 11.4

Only certain types of photons are produced when H
atoms release energy. Why?
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19
Section 11.4
Line Spectra
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/vlab/elements/Elements.html
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Section 11.4

The word laser
comes from
light
amplification by
stimulated
emission of
radiation.
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21
Section 11.4
Lasers
The
Energy Levels of Hydrogen
Lasers used to remove blood clots.
Laser light transmitted in fiber optics.
Cataract Removal
Light Shows
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22
Section 11.4
Holograms
3D pictures made by
Lasers using the
interference pattern
between reflected laser
light from the surface of
an object and the
undisturbed laser light
reflected from a mirror.
The Interference pattern
is recorded on film. The
developed film can then
be used by a laser to
recreate the image in 3D.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wrxUYzWASvE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E4A_u67EKnU&feature=fvw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AXhGfkGh4vM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cAX8uSc8Fnk&NR=1
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23
Section 11.4
Holograms
Holograms are made from laser light without
using an image forming device. Tupac
holographic concert and a holographic fashion
display.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcSYpZchFpI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zf_eXDPElh0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89KxxpmMhi4
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24
Section 11.4
The Doppler Effect

The doppler effect is the
apparent change in frequency
of a wave due to the relative
motion of the listener and the
source of the sound.
The doppler effect also
occurs in light waves and is
used by astronomers to
calculate the speed at which
stars are approaching or
receding.
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Section 11.4
Bohr Model

Line Spectra in Stars and the
red shift indicating
movement away or
towards us.
7-
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26
Section 11.4

Quantized Energy Levels
Since only certain energy changes occur the H atom
must contain discrete energy levels.
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27
Section 11.4

Concept Check
Why is it significant that the color emitted from

the hydrogen emission spectrum is not white?
How does the emission spectrum support the
idea of quantized energy levels?
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28
Section 11.4

Concept Check
When an electron is excited in an atom or ion
a) only specific quantities of energy are released in
order for the electron to return to its ground state.
b) white light is never observed when the electron
returns to its ground state.
c) the electron is only excited to certain energy
levels.
d) All of the above statements are true when an
electron is excited.
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29
Section 11.5
The Bohr Model of the Atom

Niels Bohr hypothesized that
electrons orbit the nucleus
just as the planets orbit the
sun (planetary model).
Quantized energy levels
Electron moves in a circular
orbit.
Electron jumps between
levels by absorbing or
emitting a photon of a
particular wavelength.
Actually electrons do not
move in a circular orbit.
Niels Bohr
1913Nobel Prize in 1922
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30
Section 11.5
The Bohr Model of the Atom
Chapter 11b
Modern Atomic Theory
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31
Chapter 11
Section
11.5
Modern
Model
of of
thethe
Atom
The Bohr
Model
Atom
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
11.11
The Wave Mechanical Model of the Atom

The Hydrogen Orbitals
The Wave Mechanical Model: Further Development
Electron Arrangements in the First Eighteen Atoms on
the Periodic Table
Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table
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32
Section 11.6

Orbitals
Nothing like orbits
Probability of finding the electron within a certain space
This model gives no information about when the electron
occupies a certain point in space or how it moves.
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33
Section 11.7

Orbitals
Orbitals do not have sharp boundaries and are
represented by probability distributions or where the
electron is likely to be found without regards to
movement of the electrons.
Chemists arbitrarily define an orbitals size as the sphere
that contains 90% of the total electron probability.
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34
false
Kx9GeA7G
Section 11.6
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
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35
Section 11.6
Louis DeBroglie
1924 Nobel Prize in 1929
He found that matter (electrons) moved in waves. Just

as light behaved like particles and waves, so did matter.
An 18-wheeler moving down Hwy 99 at 60mph has a
wavelength smaller than an atom.
However, an electron (very light) moves much faster and
its wavelength is much larger than its size.
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Section 11.6
Erwin Schrdinger
1926 -Nobel Prize in 1933
Found the probability of finding an
electron in an atom.
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Section 11.6
Erwin Schrdinger
1926 -Nobel Prize in 1933
Found the probability of finding an
electron in an atom.
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Section 11.7

Hydrogen Energy Levels
Hydrogen has discrete
energy levels.
Called principal energy
levels
Labeled with whole
numbers
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39
Section 11.7

Each principal energy level is divided into sublevels.
Labeled with numbers and letters
Indicate the shape of the orbital
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40
Section 11.7

The s and p types of sublevel
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41
Section 11.7
d Orbitals
7-
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42
Section 11.7
f-orbtals
http://www.d.umn.edu/~pkiprof/ChemWebV2/AOs/ao4.html
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43
Section 11.7

Why the different shapes?
3py
3d
2py
1s 2s
2px
3s
3px
2pz3pz
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44
Section 11.7

Orbital Labels
1. The number tells the principal energy level.

2. The letter tells the shape.
The letter s means a spherical orbital or
shape of the probability distribution of the
electron.
The letter p means the orientation. The x, y,
or z subscript on a p orbital label tells along
which of the coordinate axes the two lobes
lie.
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45
Section 11.7

Hydrogen Orbitals
Why does an H atom have so many orbitals and

only 1 electron?
An orbital is a potential space for an electron.
Atoms can have many potential orbitals.
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46
Section 11.8

Atoms Beyond Hydrogen
The Bohr model was discarded because it does not
apply to all atoms. It did not consider the different
energy sublevels or suborbitals within each orbital.
Atoms beyond hydrogen have multiple electrons that
distorts the energy levels due to electron-electron
interactions.
Need one more property to determine how the electrons
are arranged: Spin electrons spin like a top causing a
magnetic field. Opposite magnetic fields can attract
allowing electrons to occur in pairs if their spin or
magnetic field is opposite.
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47
Section 11.8

Atoms Beyond Hydrogen
Pauli Exclusion Principle an atomic orbital

can hold a maximum of 2 electrons and
those 2 electrons must have opposite spins.
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48
Section 11.8

Principal Components of the Wave Mechanical Model of the Atom
1. Atoms have a series of energy levels called

principal energy levels (n = 1, 2, 3, etc.).
2. The energy of the level increases as the value
of n increases.
3. Each principal energy level contains one or
more types of orbitals, called sublevels.
4. The number of sublevels present in a given
principal energy level equals n.
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49
Section 11.8

5. The n value is always used to label the orbitals

of a given principal level and is followed by a
letter that indicates the type (shape) of the
orbital (1s, 3p, etc.).
6. An orbital can be empty or it can contain one or
two electrons, but never more than two. If two
electrons occupy the same orbital, they must
have opposite spins.
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50
Section 11.8

7. The shape of an orbital does not indicate the

details of electron movement. It indicates the
probability distribution for an electron residing in
that orbital.
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51
Section 11.8

Concept Check
Which of the following statements best describes the
movement of electrons in a p orbital?
a) The electron movement cannot be exactly
determined.
b) The electrons move within the two lobes of the p
orbital, but never beyond the outside surface of
the
orbital.
c) The electrons are concentrated at the center
(node)
of the two lobes.
d) The electrons move along the outer surface of the p
orbital, similar to a figure 8 type of movement.
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52
Section 11.8
Energy Level
Diagram for
Carbon
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53
Section 11.9
Electron Arrangements in the First Eighteen Atoms on the Periodic Table
H Atom
Electron configuration electron arrangement

1s1
Orbital diagram orbital is a box grouped by
sublevel containing arrow(s) to represent
electrons
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54
Section 11.9
Li Atom
Electron configuration
1s2 2s1
Orbital diagram
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55
Section 11.9
O Atom
The lowest energy configuration for an atom is the one
having the maximum number of unpaired electrons in a
particular set of degenerate (same energy) orbitals.
Oxygen:
1s
2s
2p
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56
Section 11.9
The electron configurations in the sublevel last occupied

for the first eighteen elements.
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57
Section 11.9
Classifying Electrons
Core electrons inner electrons
Valence electrons electrons in the outermost (highest)
principal energy level of an atom
1s22s22p6 (valence electrons = 8)
The elements in the same group on the periodic table
have the same valence electron configuration.
Elements with the same valence electron
arrangement show very similar chemical behavior.
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58
Section 11.9
Concept Check
How many unpaired electrons does the element
cobalt (Co) have in its lowest energy state?
a)
b)
c)
d)
0
2
3
7
3d suborbitals
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59
Section 11.9
Concept Check
Can an electron in a phosphorus atom ever be in a 3d
orbital? Choose the best answer.
a) Yes. An electron can be excited into a 3d orbital.
b) Yes. A ground-state electron in phosphorus is
located in a 3d orbital.
c) No. Only transition metal atoms can have
electrons located in the d orbitals.
d) No. This would not correspond to phosphorus
electron arrangement in its ground state.
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60
Section 11.9
Quantum #s are like an Address.

What do you need to know to find out where you live?
State
Principle
Quantum # (n)
City
Angular
Quantum # (l)
Street
Magnetic
Quantum # (ml)
House
Spin Quantum #
(ms)
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61
Section 11.10
Look at electron configurations for K through Kr.
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62
Section 11.10

Orbital Filling and the Periodic Table
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63
Section 11.10

Orbital Filling
1. In a principal energy level that has d orbitals, the

s orbital from the next level fills before the d
orbitals in the current level.
2. After lanthanum, which has the electron
configuration [Xe]6s25d1, a group of fourteen
elements called the lanthanide series, or the
lanthanides, occurs. This series of elements
corresponds to the filling of the seven 4f orbitals.
Return to TOC
64
Section 11.10

Orbital Filling
3. After actinum, which has the configuration

[Rn]7s26d1,a group of fourteen elements called
the actinide series, or actinides, occurs. This
series corresponds to the filling of the seven 5f
orbitals.
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65
Section 11.10

Orbital Filling
4. Except for helium, the group numbers indicate

the sum of electrons in the ns and np orbitals in
the highest principal energy level that contains
electrons (where n is the number that indicates
a particular principal energy level). These
electrons are the valence electrons.
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66
Section 11.10

Exercise
Determine the expected electron

configurations for each of the following.
a) S
1s22s22p63s23p4 or [Ne]3s23p4
b) Ba
[Xe]6s2
c) Eu
[Xe]6s24f7
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67
Section 11.10
Write electron configurations for the following:

1. Al 1s22s22p63s23p1
2. Sc 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d1
3.
4.
5.
6.
K
Br
Zn
Hg
1s22s22p63s23p64s1
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d10
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105
p66s2 4f145d10
7-
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68
Section 11.10
Write the abbreviated electron configuration for

the following:
1. Magnesium [Ne] 3s2
2
2
[He]
2s
2p
2. Carbon
2
1
[He]
2s
2p
3. Boron
[Ne] 3s23p5
4. Chlorine
5. Selenium
[Ar] 4s23d104p4
7Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved
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69
Section 11.10
Write the electron configuration in long and

abbreviated notation for the following ions.
[Kr] isoelectronic with Kr
1. Br[Ne] isoelectronic with Ne
2. N3[Ar] isoelectronic with Ar
3. K+
[Kr] isoelectronic with Kr
4. Sr2+
[Ar] isoelectronic with Ar
5. S2[Ar]4s23d6 isoelectronic with Fe
6. Ni2+
7-
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70
Section 11.10
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71
Section 11.11

Metals and Nonmetals
Metals tend to lose electrons to form positive ions.
Nonmetals tend to gain electrons to form negative ions.
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72
Section 11.11

Ionization Energy
Energy required to remove an electron from a

gaseous atom or ion.
X(g) X+(g) + e
Mg Mg+ + e
I1 = 735 kJ/mol
(1st IE)
Mg+ Mg2+ + e
I2 = 1445 kJ/mol
(2nd IE)
Mg2+ Mg3+ + e
I3 = 7730 kJ/mol
*(3rd IE)
*Core electrons are bound much more tightly than

valence electrons.
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73
Section 11.11

Ionization Energy
In general, as we go across a period from left to

right, the first ionization energy increases.
Why?
Electrons added in the same principal
quantum level do not completely shield the
increasing nuclear charge caused by the
added protons.
Electrons in the same principal quantum level
are generally more strongly bound from left to
right on the periodic table.
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74
Section 11.11

Ionization Energy
In general, as we go across a period the

ionization energy increases.
As we go up a group from top to bottom, the first
ionization energy increases.
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75
Section 11.11

Concept Check
Which atom would require more energy to

remove an electron? Why?
Na Cl
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76
Section 11.11

Concept Check
Which atom would require more energy to

remove an electron? Why?
Li Cs
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77
Section 11.11

Atomic Size
In general as we go across a period from left to

right, the atomic radius decreases.
Effective nuclear charge increases, therefore
the valence electrons are drawn closer to the
nucleus, decreasing the size of the atom.
In general atomic radius increases in going down
a group.
Orbital sizes increase in successive principal
quantum levels.
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78
Section 11.11

Relative Atomic Sizes for Selected Atoms (Fig. 11-36)
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79
Section 11.11

Concept Check
Which should be the larger atom? Why?

Na Cl
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80
Section 11.11

Concept Check
Which should be the larger atom? Why?

Li Cs
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81
Section 11.11

Concept Check
Which is larger?
The hydrogen 1s orbital
The lithium 1s orbital
Which is lower in energy?
The hydrogen 1s orbital
The lithium 1s orbital
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82
Section 11.11

Exercise
Arrange the elements oxygen, fluorine, and

sulfur according to increasing:
Ionization energy
S, O, F
Atomic size
F, O, S
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83

Chapter11 Modern Atomic Theory

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Chapter 11a

Modern Atomic Theory

11.1 Rutherfords Atom

The atom has a small dense

The nuclear charge (n+) is balanced by the presence of n

What are the electrons doing?

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

Wavelength ( ) distance between two peaks or

One of the ways that energy travels through space.

Frequency ( ) number of waves (cycles) per

Energy of a photon of light = Plancks constant

Maxwell Planck-Black Body Radiation

Found that blackbody

Einsteins Photoelectric Effect

Emission of Energy by Atoms

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

The Energy Levels of Hydrogen

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

The Energy Levels of Hydrogen

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

The Energy Levels of Hydrogen

The Energy Levels of Hydrogen

The Energy Levels of Hydrogen

The Energy Levels of Hydrogen

The Energy Levels of Hydrogen

The Doppler Effect

The Energy Levels of Hydrogen

The Energy Levels of Hydrogen

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

The Energy Levels of Hydrogen

Why is it significant that the color emitted from

The Energy Levels of Hydrogen

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

The Bohr Model of the Atom

The Bohr Model of the Atom

The Wave Mechanical Model of the Atom

The Wave Mechanical Model of the Atom

The Hydrogen Orbitals

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

The Wave Mechanical Model of the Atom

Scanning Tunneling Microscope

The Wave Mechanical Model of the Atom

He found that matter (electrons) moved in waves. Just

The Wave Mechanical Model of the Atom

The Wave Mechanical Model of the Atom

The Hydrogen Orbitals

The Hydrogen Orbitals

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

The Hydrogen Orbitals

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

The Hydrogen Orbitals

The Hydrogen Orbitals

The Hydrogen Orbitals

The Hydrogen Orbitals

1. The number tells the principal energy level.

The Hydrogen Orbitals

Why does an H atom have so many orbitals and

The Wave Mechanical Model: Further Development

The Wave Mechanical Model: Further Development

Pauli Exclusion Principle an atomic orbital

The Wave Mechanical Model: Further Development

1. Atoms have a series of energy levels called

Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved