Network Functions

1
Instructor: Richard Mellitz
Introduction to Frequency
Domain Analysis (3 Classes)
Many thanks to Steve Hall, Intel for the use of his slides
Reference Reading: Posar Ch 4.5
http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5952-1087.pdf
Slide content from Stephen Hall
Differential Signaling
Outline
Motivation: Why Use Frequency Domain Analysis

2-Port Network Analysis Theory
Impedance and Admittance Matrix
Scattering Matrix
Transmission (ABCD) Matrix
Masons Rule
Cascading S-Matrices and Voltage Transfer Function
Differential (4-port) Scattering Matrix
Motivation: Why Frequency Domain Analysis?

Time Domain signals on T-lines lines are hard to analyze
Many properties, which can dominate performance, are frequency
dependent, and difficult to directly observe in the time domain
Skin effect, Dielectric losses, dispersion, resonance
Frequency Domain Analysis allows discrete

characterization of a linear network at each frequency
Characterization at a single frequency is much easier
Frequency Analysis is beneficial for Three reasons

Ease and accuracy of measurement at high frequencies
Simplified mathematics
Allows separation of electrical phenomena (loss, resonance etc)
Key Concepts
Here are the key concepts that you should retain from this
class
The input impedance & the input reflection coefficient of a
transmission line is dependent on:
Termination and characteristic impedance
Delay
Frequency
S-Parameters are used to extract electrical parameters

Transmission line parameters (R,L,C,G, TD and Zo) can be
extracted from S parameters
Vias, connectors, socket s-parameters can be used to create
equivalent circuits=
The behavior of S-parameters can be used to gain

intuition of signal integrity problems
Review Important Concepts
The impedance looking into a terminated transmission

line changes with frequency and line length
The input reflection coefficient looking into a terminated
transmission line also changes with frequency and line
length
If the input reflection of a transmission line is known,
then the line length can be determined by observing the
periodicity of the reflection
The peak of the input reflection can be used to
determine line and load impedance values
Two Port Network Theory
Network theory is based on the property that a linear

system can be completely characterized by
parameters measured ONLY at the input & output
ports without regard to the content of the system
Networks can have any number of ports, however,
consideration of a 2-port network is sufficient to
explain the theory
A 2-port network has 1 input and 1 output port.
The ports can be characterized with many parameters, each
parameter has a specific advantage
Each Parameter set is related to 4 variables

2 independent variables for excitation
2 dependent variables for response
Network characterized with Port Impedance

Measuring the port impedance is network is the most
simplistic and intuitive method of characterizing a network
I1
Port 1
I2
V1 +
-
2- port
2-port
Networ
Network
k
+ V
2
-
Port 2
Case 1:
1 Inject current I1 into port 1 and measure the open circuit voltage at
port 2 and calculate the resultant impedance from port 1 to port 2
Z 21
Vopen , port 2
I port1
Case 2:
2 Inject current I1 into port 1 and measure the voltage at port 1
and calculate the resultant input impedance
Z11
Vopen , port1
I
port
1
Differential
Signaling
Impedance Matrix
A set of linear equations can be written to describe the network in terms of its port impedances
V1 Z11 I1 Z12 I 2
Where:
V2 Z 21 I1 Z 22 I 2
Vi
Z ij
Ij
Or
V1
V2
Z11
Z 21
Z12 I1
Z 22 I 2
If the impedance matrix is known, the response of the system can be predicted for any input
Open Circuit Voltage measured at Port i

Current Injected at Port j
Zii the impedance looking into port i

Zij the impedance between port i and j
Impedance Matrix: Example #2
Calculate the impedance matrix for the following circuit:

R2
R1
Port 1
R3
Port 2
10
Step 1: Calculate the input impedance

R2
R1
V1 I1 ( R1 R3 )
V1
Z11 R1 R3
I1
+
I1
V1
R3
Step 2: Calculate the impedance across the network

R1
R2
+
I1
R3
V2
R3
V2 V1
R1 R3
R3
I1 ( R3 R1 )
I1 R3
R1 R3
V2
Z 21
R3
I1

Step 3: Calculate the Impedance matrix
Assume: R1 = R2 = 30 ohms
R3=150 ohms
Z11 R1 R3 180
Z 21 30
Z Matrix
180
30
30
180
11
Measuring the impedance matrix
12
Question:
What obstacles are expected when measuring the impedance
matrix of the following transmission line structure assuming that
the micro-probes have the following parasitics?
Lprobe=0.1nH
Cprobe=0.3pF
Assume F=5 GHz
Port 1
T-line
0.1nH
0.3pF
0.1nH
0.3pF
Zo=50 ohms, length=5 in

Port 2
Measuring the impedance matrix
13
Answer:
Open circuit voltages are very hard to measure at high frequencies
because they generally do not exist for small dimensions
Open circuit capacitance = impedance at high frequencies
Probe and via impedance not insignificant
Port 1
0.1nH
0.3pF
Without Probe Capacitance
0.1nH
0.1nH
T-line
T-line
0.3pF
Zo = 50
Port 2
Port
Port 1
Port 2
Z21 = 50 ohms
Zo=50 ohms, length=5 in
With Probe Capacitance @ 5 GHz

Zo = 50
Z probe _ L 2fL 3
1
Z probe _ C
106
2fC
Port 2
Port 1
106 ohms
106 ohms
Z21 = 63 ohms
14
Advantages/Disadvantages of Impedance Matrix

Advantages:
The impedance matrix is very intuitive
Relates all ports to an impedance
Easy to calculate
Disadvantages:
Requires open circuit voltage measurements
Difficult to measure
Open circuit reflections cause measurement noise
Open circuit capacitance not trivial at high frequencies
Note: The Admittance Matrix is very similar, however, it is characterized

with short circuit currents instead of open circuit voltages
Scattering Matrix (S-parameters)
15
Measuring the power at each port across a well

characterized impedance circumvents the problems
measuring high frequency opens & shorts
The scattering matrix, or (S-parameters), characterizes the
network by observing transmitted & reflected power waves
a2
a1
Port 1
2-port
Network
Port 2
b2
b1
ai represents the square root of the power wave injected into port i
Vi
V2
P
P ai
R
R
bj represents the power wave coming out of port j
bj
Vj
16
Scattering Matrix
A set of linear equations can be written to describe the network in terms of injected and transmitted power waves
Where:
b1 S11a1 S12 a2
b2 S 21a1 S 22 a2
b1 S11
b2 S 21
S12 a1
S 22 a2
Sii = the ratio of the reflected power to the injected power at port i
Sij = the ratio of the power measured at port j to the power injected at port i
bi
Sij
aj
Power measured at port i

Power injected at port j
17
Making sense of S-Parameters Return Loss

When there is no reflection from the load, or the line length
is zero, S11 = Reflection coefficient
R=50
Zo
Z=-l
b1
S11
a1
a 20
R=Zo
Z=0
V1
Vreflected
V
Z o 50
R
1

o
Vincident
Z o 50
V1
V1
R
S11 is measure of the power returned to the source,

and is called the Return Loss
18
Making sense of S-Parameters Return Loss

When there is a reflection from the load, S11 will be
composed of multiple reflections due to the standing waves
1 (l )
Z in Z (l ) Z o
1 (l )
Zo
Z=-l
RL
Z=0
If the network is driven with a 50 ohm source, then S11 is

calculated using the input impedance instead of Zo
50 ohms
S
11
Z in 50
Z in 50
Z in
S11 of a transmission line

will exhibit periodic effects
due to the standing waves
19
Example #3 Interpreting the return loss

Based on the S11 plot shown below, calculate both the
impedance and dielectric constant
R=50
Zo
L=5 inches
R=50
0.45
S11, Magnitude
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3..0 3.5
Frequency, GHz
4.0
4.5
5.0
Example Interpreting the return loss

0.45
S11, Magnitude
0.4
1.76GHz
20
2.94GHz
Peak=0.384
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Frequency, GHz
Step 1: Calculate the time delay Step 2: Calculate Er using the velocity
of the t-line using the peaks
1
c
3 108 m / s
v
1
f peaks 2.94GHz 1.76GHz
TD
Er
Er
2TD
1
TD 423.7 ps TD / inch
84.7 ps / inch 39.37inch / m)

TD / inch 423.7 ps / 5" 84.7 ps / inch
Differential Signaling Er 1.0
Example Interpreting the return loss

Step 3: Calculate the input
impedance to the
transmission line based on
the peak S11 at 1.76GHz
21
Z in 50
S11
0.384
Z in 50
Z in 112 .33
Note: The phase of the

50 Z o j 4fl LC
reflection should be either
( x) o e 2l
e
50 Z o
+1 or -1 at 1.76 GHz because
it is aligned with the
e j 4 fl LC e j 4 1.76GHz( 5)84.7 ps e j 9.366 1
incident
Step 4: Calculate the
characteristic impedance
based on the input
impedance for x=-5 inches
50 Z o
(1)
50 Z o
1 ( x 5)
Z in Z o
112 .33 Z o
50 Z o
1 ( x 5)
1
( 1)
50 Z o
1
Z o 74.9
Er=1.0 and Zo=75 ohms

22
Making sense of S-Parameters Insertion Loss
When power is injected into Port 1 with source impedance Z0 and measured at Port
2 with measurement load impedance Z0, the power ratio reduces to a voltage ratio
b2
S 21
a1
a 20
a1
V1
Zo
V2
Z o V2
Vtransmitted

Vincident
V1
V1
a =0
Zo
2
2-port
Network
Zo
V2
b2
b1
S21 is measure of the power transmitted from

port 1 to port 2, and is called the Insertion Loss
23
Loss free networks
For a loss free network, the total power exiting the N ports must
equal the total incident power
Pincident Pexit
If there is no loss in the network, the total power leaving the
network must be accounted for in the power reflected from the
incident port and the power transmitted through network
Preflected _ port1
Pincident
Ptransmitted _ port1 port 2

Pincident
Since s-parameters are the square root of power ratios, the

following is true for loss-free networks
S11 2 S 21 2 1
If the above relationship does not equal 1, then there is loss in the
network, and the difference is proportional to the power dissipated by
the network
24
Insertion loss example

Question:
What percentage of the total power is dissipated by the
transmission line?
Estimate the magnitude of Zo (bound it)
S-parameters; 5 inch microstrip
1.2
1
Magnitude
0.8
S(1,1)
S(1,2)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.E+00
2.E+09
4.E+09
6.E+09
8.E+09
Frequency, Hz
1.E+10
1.E+10
25
What percentage of the total power is dissipated by the transmission line ?

What is the approximate Zo?
How much amplitude degradation will this t-line contribute to a 8 GT/s
signal?
If the transmission line is placed in a 28 ohm system (such as Rambus), will
the amplitude degradation estimated above remain constant?
Estimate alpha for 8 GT/s signal
S-parameters; 5 inch microstrip;

1.2
1
S(1,1)
Magnitude
0.8
S(1,2)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.E+00
2.E+09
4.E+09
6.E+09
Differential
Signaling8.E+09
Frequency, Hz
1.E+10
26
Answer:
Since there are minimal reflections on this line, alpha can be
estimated directly from the insertion loss
S21~0.75 at 4 GHz (8 GT/s)
When the reflections are minimal, alpha can be estimated
S 21 e l 0.75 e ( 5) 0.057
If S11 < ~ 0.2 (-14 dB), then the above approximation is valid
If the reflections are NOT small, alpha must be extracted
with ABCD parameters (which are reviewed later)
The loss parameter is 1/A for ABCD parameters
ABCE will be discussed later.
Important concepts demonstrated
27
The impedance can be determined by the

magnitude of S11
The electrical delay can be determined by the
phase, or periodicity of S11
The magnitude of the signal degradation can be
determined by observing S21
The total power dissipated by the network can be
determined by adding the square of the insertion
and return losses
A note about the term Loss
28
True losses come from physical energy losses

Ohmic (I.e., skin effect)
Field dampening effects (Loss Tangent)
Radiation (EMI)
Insertion and Return losses include effects such as

impedance discontinuities and resonance effects, which are
not true losses
Loss free networks can still exhibit significant insertion and
return losses due to impedance discontinuities
29
Advantages/Disadvantages of S-parameters
Advantages:
Ease of measurement
Much easier to measure power at high frequencies than open/short current
and voltage
S-parameters can be used to extract the transmission line

parameters
n parameters and n Unknowns
Disadvantages:
Most digital circuit operate using voltage thresholds. This suggest
that analysis should ultimately be related to the time domain.
Many silicon loads are non-linear which make the job of
converting s-parameters back into time domain non-trivial.
Conversion between time and frequency domain introduces errors
30
Cascading S parameter
3 cascaded s parameter blocks
a11
s111 s121
a21 b12
s211 s221
b11
b22 a13
3
3
s11 s12
s213 s223
s21 s22
s112 s122
b21 a12
s212 s222
s11 s12
a13
a22 b13
b13
While it is possible to cascade s-parameters, it gets

messy.
Graphically we just flip every other matrix.
Mathematically there is a better way ABCD parameters
We will analyzed this later with signal flow graphs
31
ABCD Parameters
The transmission matrix describes the network in terms

of both voltage and current waves
I1
V1
V1 AV2 BI 2
I2
2-port
Network
I1 CV2 DI 2
V2
The coefficients can be defined

using superposition
V1
A
V2
I 2 0
V1
B
I2 V
2 0
I1
C
V2
V1 A B V2
I1 C D I 2
I 2 0
I1
D
I2
V2 0
32
Transmission (ABCD) Matrix
Since the ABCD matrix represents the ports in terms of

currents and voltages, it is well suited for cascading
elements
I3
I2
I1
A B
C D1
V1
V2
A B
C D2
V3
The matrices can be cascaded by multiplication
V1
I1
V2
I2
V2
D 1 I2
D 2 I3
V3
V1 A B A B V3
I1 C D 1 C D 2 I 3
This is the best way to cascade elements in the frequency domain.

It is accurate, intuitive and simplistic.
33
Relating the ABCD Matrix to Common

Circuits
A 1 B Z
Z
Port 1
Port 1
Z1
Port 1
Port 2
Port 2
Z2
Z3
Port 2
Port 1
Y2
Zo ,
l
D 1
A 1
C Y
B0
D 1
A 1 Z1 / Z 3
C 1/ Z3
Y3
Port 1 Y1
C 0
Port 2
Port 2
Assignment 6:
Convert these
to s-parameters
B Z1 Z 2 Z1 Z 2 / Z 3
D 1 Z 2 / Z3
A 1 Y2 / Y3
C Y1 Y2 Y1Y2 / Y3
B 1 / Y3
D 1 Y1 / Y3
A cosh(l )
B Z o sinh(l )
C (1 / Z o ) sinh(l ) D cosh(l )
Converting to and from the S-Matrix
34
The S-parameters can be measured with a VNA, and converted

back and forth into ABCD the Matrix
Allows conversion into a more intuitive matrix
Allows conversion to ABCD for cascading
ABCD matrix can be directly related to several useful circuit topologies
(1 S11 )(1 S 22 ) S12 S 21

A
2S 21
S11
A B / Z o CZ o D
A B / Z o CZ o D
(1 S11 )(1 S 22 ) S12 S 21

B Zo
2S 21
2( AD BC )
S12
A B / Z o CZ o D
1 (1 S11 )(1 S 22 ) S12 S 21

C
Zo
2 S 21
2
S 21
A B / Z o CZ o D
(1 S11 )(1 S 22 ) S12 S 21

D
2S 21
S11
A B / Z o CZ o D
A B / Z o CZ o D
35
ABCD Matrix Example #1

Create a model of a via from the
measured s-parameters
Port 1
Port 2
S11
S 21
S12 0.110 j 0.153 0.798 j 0.572
S 22
0.798 j 0.572 0.110 j 0.153
36
The model can be extracted as either a Pi or a T network

L1
L2
Port 1
CVIA
Port 2
The inductance values will include the L of the trace and the via
barrel (it is assumed that the test setup minimizes the trace
length, and subsequently the trace capacitance is minimal
The capacitance represents the via pads
37
Assume the following s-matrix measured at 5 GHz
S11
S12
S 21
S 22
0.110 j 0.153
0.798 j 0.572
0.798 j 0.572
0.110 j 0.153
38
S11
S12
S 21
S 22
0.110 j 0.153
0.798 j 0.572
0.798 j 0.572
0.110 j 0.153
Convert to ABCD parameters
0.827
j 20.08
j 0.0157
0.827
39
S11
S 21
S12 0.110 j 0.153 0.798 j 0.572
S 22
0.798 j 0.572 0.110 j 0.153
Convert to ABCD parameters
0.827
j 20.08
j 0.0157
0.827
Relating the ABCD parameters to the T circuit topology,

the capacitance and inductance is extracted from C & A
Z1
Port 1
Z2
Z3
C j 0.0157
Port 2
Z3
1
CVIA 0.5 pF
1
j 2fCVIA
Z1
j 2fL
0.827 1
L1 L2 0.35nH
Z3
1 /( j 2fCVIA )
Differential
Signaling
A 1
40
Calculate the resulting s-parameter matrix if the two

circuits shown below are cascaded
Port 1
Port 2
2-port
Network X
Network
50
Port 1
2-port
Network Y
Network
50
Port 1
S X 12
S X 22
SY 11
SY
SY 21
SY 12
SY 22
50
Port 2
50
S X 11
SX
S X 21
50
2-port
Network Y
Network
2-port
Network X
Network
S XY ?
50
Port 2
41
Step 1: Convert each measured S-Matrix to ABCD

Parameters using the conversions presented earlier
AX
S X TX
CX
BX
DX
AY
SY TY
CY
BY
DY
Step 2: Multiply the converted T-matrices
TXY
AX
TX TY
CX
BX AY
DX CY
BY
AXY
DY C XY
BXY
DXY
Step 3: Convert the resulting Matrix back into Sparameters using thee conversions presented earlier
TXY S XY
S X 11
S X 21
S X 12
S X 22
42
Advantages/Disadvantages of ABCD Matrix

Advantages:
The ABCD matrix is very intuitive
Describes all ports with voltages and currents
Allows easy cascading of networks

Easy conversion to and from S-parameters
Easy to relate to common circuit topologies
Disadvantages:
Difficult to directly measure
Must convert from measured scattering matrix
43
Signal flow graphs Start with 2 port first

The wave functions (a,b) used to define s-parameters for a
two-port network are shown below. The incident waves is a1,
a2 on port 1 and port 2 respectively. The reflected waves b1
and b2 are on port 1 and port 2. We will use as and bs in the
s-parameter follow slides
Signal Flow Graphs of S Parameters
44
In a signal flow graph, each port is represented by two

nodes. Node an represents the wave coming into the device
from another device at port n, and node bn represents the
wave leaving the device at port n. The complex scattering
coefficients are then represented as multipliers (gains) on
branches connecting the nodes within the network and in
adjacent networks.*
Example
a1
s21
b2
S
s22
s11
s12
b1
a2
s11
a1 S L 0
b1 a2 0
Measurement equipment
strives to be match i.e.
reflection coefficient is 0
See: http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5952-1087.pdf
Masons Rule ~ Non-Touching Loop Rule
T (1 (1)
T
(1 (1)
mk
L(mk )
45
(k )
mk
mk
L(mk ))
mk
T is the transfer function (often called gain)

Tk is the transfer function of the kth forward path
L(mk) is the product of non touching loop gains on path k
taken mk at time.
L(mk)|(k) is the product of non touching loop gains on path k
taken mk at a time but not touching path k.
mk=1 means all individual loops
Voltage Transfer function
46
What is really of most relevance to time domain analysis is

the voltage transfer function.
It includes the effect of non-perfect loads.
We will show how the voltage transfer functions for a 2 port
network is given by the following equation.
Notice it is not S21

47
Forward Wave Path
Vs
Z0
( ZS Z0)
S
a1
s21
b2
s22
s11
s12
b1
a2
48
Reflected Wave Path
Vs
Z0
( ZS Z0)
S
a1
s21
b2
s22
s11
s12
b1
a2
Combine b2 and a2
49
50
Convert Wave to Voltage

- Multiply by sqrt(Z0)
Voltage transfer function using ABCD
51
Lets see if we can get this results another way

( 1 s11) ( 1 s22) s12 s21 [ ( 1 s11) ( 1 s22) s12 s21] Z0
2 s21
2 s21
( 1 s11) ( 1 s22) s12 s21
( 1 s11) ( 1 s22) s12 s21
2 s21 Z0
2 s21
ABCD_CHANNEL
ABCD_SOURCE
ZL
Z0
1 L
1 L
1 Zs
0 1
1 0
1
ABCD_LOAD
Zs
Z0
ZL
1 s
1 s
52
Cascade [ABCD] to determine system [ABCD]

VOLTAGE_TRANSFER_FUNCTION
ABCD_SOURCE ABCD_CHANNEL ABCD_LOAD
( 1 s11) ( 1 s22) s12 s21 [ ( 1 s11) ( 1 s22) s12 s21] Z0

1 Z0

2 s21
2 s21
s ( 1 s11) ( 1 s22) s12 s21

( 1 s11) ( 1 s22) s12 s21
1
0

2 s21 Z0
2 s21
1 s
Z0
1 L
1 L
Simplify
1 s11 s s22 L s11 s22 s L s12 s21 s L
1 s s21 1 L
1 s22 L s11 s11 s22 L s12 s21 L

s21 Z0 1 L
Z0
1 s22 s11 s s11 s22 s s12 s21 s
1 s s21
1 1 s22 s11 s11 s22 s12 s21
2
s21
Extract the voltage transfer function
53
"A" parameter which input over output transfer. We are

looking for "1/A" which is output over input
1 s11 s s22 L s11 s22 s L s12 s21 s L
1 s s21 1 L
Simplify and re-arange

s21 1 L
1 s
2
1 s11 s s22L s12 s21 s L s11s22 s L

Same as with flow graph analysis
54
Cascading S-Parameter
As promised we will now look at how to cascade sparameters and solve with Masons rule
The problem we will use is what was presented earlier
The assertion is that the loss of cascade channel can be
determine just by adding up the losses in dB.
We will show how we can gain insight about this
assertion from the equation and graphic form of a
solution.
a11
a21 b12
b22 a13
s111 s121
a13
s113 s123
s211 s221
b11
s11 s12
s21
s22
s112 s122
b21 a12
s212 s222
a22 b13
s21 s22
b13
55
Creating the signal flow graph

a11
a21 b12
b22 a13
s111 s121
a13
s113 s123
s211 s221
b11
A11
B21
s221
B11
s121
A21
s112 s122
s212 s222
b21 a12
s211
s11 s12
s21
s22
A12
s212
a22 b13
B22
b13
A13
s112 s222
1
B12
s122
s21 s22
A22
s213
s113
B13
s123
We map output a to input b and visa versa.

Next we define all the loops
Loop A and B do not touch each other
B23
s223
A23
56
Use Masons rule

A11
s211
B21
A12
s221
B11
b6
a1
s121
s212
B22
A13
s112 s222
A21
B12
s122
B13
s21 s21 s21
3
2
A23
s221s112s222 s113
There is only one forward path a11 to b23.

There are 2 non touching looks
s123
s223
Masons Rule
1 s22 s11 s22 s11 s11 s22 s12 s21

2
B23
s113
A22
s213
57
Evaluate the nature of the transfer function
Assumption is that these are ~ 0

b6
a1
s21 s21 s21
1 s22 s11 s22 s11 s11 s22 s12 s21 s22 s11 s22 s11
2
If response is relatively flat and reflection is

relatively low
Response through a channel is s211*s212*213
58
Jitter and dB Budgeting

S211 e
j 211
Insertion loss in db
Smag e
Change s21 into a phasor
S21 e
j 211
S21 S21
1
1
20 log s21
S213 e
s21 e
3
j 213
j 211 212 213
=
20 log s21 20 log s21
20 log S21 S21
s21
i.e. For a budget just add up the dbs and jitter

db
sys
dbi i1
n
delay
i i1
59
Differential S-Parameters
Differential S-Parameters are derived from a 4-port

measurement
a2
a1
b1
4-port
b2
b1
S11
S12
S13
S14
b2
S21
S22
S23
S24
S31
S32
S33
S34
S41
S42
S43
S44
a3
a4
b3
b3
b4
b4
a1
a2
a3
a4
Traditional 4-port measurements are taken by driving each

port, and recording the response at all other ports while
terminated in 50 ohms
Although, it is perfectly adequate to describe a differential
pair with 4-port single ended s-parameters, it is more
useful to convert to a multi-mode port
60
It is useful to specify the differential S-parameters in terms of differential and

common mode responses
Differential stimulus, differential response
Common mode stimulus, Common mode response
Differential stimulus, common mode response (aka ACCM Noise)
Common mode stimulus, differential response
This can be done either by driving the network with differential and common mode
stimulus, or by converting the traditional 4-port s-matrix
adm2
bdm1
acm1
bcm1
Multi-Mode
Port
bdm2
acm2
bcm2
Multi-Mode Port 2
Multi-Mode Port 1
adm1
bdm1
DS11 DS12 DCS11 DCS12
adm1
bdm2
DS21 DS
22 DCS21 DCS22
adm2
CDS11 CDS12 CS11 CS12
acm1
CS21 CS
22
acm2
bcm1
bcm2
CDS21 CDS
22
Matrix assumes differential

and common mode stimulus
Explanation of the Multi-Mode Port

Differential Matrix:
Differential Stimulus, differential response
i.e., DS21 = differential signal [(D+)-(D-)]
inserted at port 1 and diff signal measured at port 2
Common mode conversion Matrix:

Differential Stimulus, Common mode
response. i.e., DCS21 = differential
signal [(D+)-(D-)] inserted at port 1
and common mode signal [(D+)+(D-)]
measured at port 2
bdm1
DS11 DS12 DCS11 DCS12
adm1
bdm2
DS21 DS
22 DCS21 DCS22
adm2
CDS11 CDS12 CS11 CS12
acm1
CS21 CS
22
acm2
bcm1
bcm2
CDS21 CDS
22
61
differential mode conversion Matrix:

Common mode Matrix:
Common mode Stimulus, differential
Common mode stimulus, common mode
mode response. i.e., DCS21 = common
Response. i.e., CS21 = Com. mode signal
mode signal [(D+)+(D-)] inserted at port
[(D+)+(D-)] inserted at port 1 and Com. mode
1 and differential mode signal [(D+)-(D-)]
Differential
Signaling
signal
measured at port 2
measured at port 2
62
Converting the S-parameters into the multi-mode requires just a little algebra
Example Calculation, Differential Return Loss
The stimulus is equal, but opposite, therefore:
a3 a1 ; a4 a2
DS11
bdm1
adm1
adm 2 0;acm 0
b1 b3
a1 a3
1
a 2 a4 0
b1 S11a1 S12 a2 S13 a3 S14 a4
4-port
2-port
Network
2
4
b3 S 31a1 S 32 a2 S 33a3 S34 a4

b1 b3 a1 ( S11 S31 ) a2 ( S12 S 32 ) a3 ( S13 S 33 ) a4 ( S14 S 34 )
Assume a symmetrical network and substitute a3 a1 ; a4 a2
DS11
S12 S34 ; S32 S14
1
S11 S31 S13 S33
2
Other conversions that are useful for a differential bus are shown
Differential Insertion Loss:
DS 21
1
S 21 S 41 S 23 S 43
2
Differential to Common Mode Conversion (ACCM):
CDS 21
1
S 21 S 43 S 23 S 41
2
Similar techniques
can be used
for all multi-mode Parameters
Differential
Signaling
63
Next class we will develop more differential concepts
64
backup review
65
Advantages/Disadvantages of Multi-Mode
Matrix over Traditional 4-port
Advantages:
Describes 4-port network in terms of 4 two port matrices
Differential
Common mode
Differential to common mode
Common mode to differential
Easier to relate to system specifications

ACCM noise, differential impedance
Disadvantages:
Must convert from measured 4-port scattering matrix
High Frequency Electromagnetic Waves
66
In order to understand the frequency domain analysis, it is

necessary to explore how high frequency sinusoid signals behave
on transmission lines
The equations that govern signals propagating on a transmission
line can be derived from Amperes and Faradays laws assumimng
a uniform plane wave
The fields are constrained so that there is no variation in the X and Y
axis and the propagation is in the Z direction
This assumption holds true for

transmission lines as long as the
wavelength of the signal is much
greater than the trace width
X
Direction of
propagation
Z
Y
m
in
3 108 39.4
s
m 1
f
r
For typical PCBs at 10 GHz with 5 mil traces (W=0.005)
0.59" 0.005"
67
For sinusoidal time varying uniform plane waves,

Amperes and Faradays laws reduce to:
Amperes Law:
A magnetic Field will be
induced by an electric current
or a time varying electric field
Faradays Law:
An electric field will be
generated by a time varying
magnetic flux
B y
z
jE x
E x
jB y
z
Note that the electric (Ex) field and the magnetic

(By) are orthogonal
68
If Amperes and Faradays laws are differentiated with

respect to z and the equations are written in terms of the
E field, the transmission line wave equation is derived
B y
B y
2 Ex
2 Ex 1
j
2
jE x
2
z
z
z
z j
2 Ex
2 2
j
E x 0
2
z
This differential equation is easily solvable for Ex:
E x ( z ) C1e
j ( ) z
C2 e
j ( ) z
69
The equation describes the sinusoidal E field for a plane

wave in free space
Note the positive exponent
j ( ) z
M
Ex ( z) E e
Portion of wave traveling

In the +z direction
E e
j ( ) z
is because the wave is

traveling in the opposite
direction
Portion of wave traveling

In the -z direction
= permittivity in Farads/meter (8.85 pF/m for free space)

(determines the speed of light in a material)
= permeability in Henries/meter (1.256 uH/m for free space

and non-magnetic materials)
Since inductance is proportional to & capacitance is proportional

to , then is analogous to LC in a transmission line, which
is the propagation delay
70
High Frequency Voltage and Current Waves

The same equation applies to voltage and current waves on a
transmission line
Incident sinusoid
Reflected sinusoid
z=-l
RL
z=0
If a sinusoid is injected onto a transmission line, the resulting voltage

is a function of time and distance from the load (z). It is the sum of the
incident and reflected values
V ( z , t ) Vin e z e jt Vref ez e jt
Voltage wave traveling
towards the load
j t
e
Note:
is added to
specifically represent
the time varying
Sinusoid, which was implied
in the previous derivation
Voltage wave reflecting

off the Load and traveling
towards the source
71

The parameters in this equation completely describe the
voltage on a typical transmission line
z
V ( z , t ) Vin e e
j
j LC
jt
Vref e e
jt
= Complex propagation constant includes all the

transmission line parameters (R, L C and G)
(For the loss free case)
( R jL)(G jC )
(lossy case)
= Attenuation Constant (attenuation of the signal due to transmission line losses)

1
C
L
R
G
2
L
C
(For good conductors)
= Phase Constant (related to the propagation delay across the transmission line)
LC (For good conductors and good dielectrics)

72

The voltage wave equation can be put into more intuitive
terms by applying the following identity:
cos( ) j sin( )
V ( z , t ) Vin e ( j ) z e jt Vref e ( j ) z e jt
Subsequently:
e Vin
ezVref
z
z
cos (t ) j sin (t )

z
z
cos (t ) j sin (t )
The amplitude is degraded by

z
The waveform is dependent on the driving
e function
& the delay of the line
cos t j sin t
LC
73
Interaction: transmission line and a load
The reflection coefficient is now a function of the Zo discontinuities AND line

length
Influenced by constructive & destructive combinations of the forward & reverse waveforms
Zo
(l )
Zl
(Assume a line length of l (z=-l))

Z=-l
Z=0
V (l ) Vin e l Vref el Vin e l o el Vin e l 1 (l )

(l )
Vref el
Vin e
o e
2l
Z l Z o 2l
e
Zl Zo
This is the reflection coefficient looking into a t-line of length l

74
Interaction: transmission line and a load

If the reflection coefficient is a function of line length, then
the input impedance must also be a function of length
Zin
RL
Z=-l
Z=0
V (l ) Vin e l Vref el Vin e l o el Vin e l 1 (l )
1
1
l
l
I (l )
Vin e Vref e
Vin e l 1 (l )
Zo
Zo
Vin e l 1 (l )
V (l )
1 (l )
Z in Z (l )
Zo
1
I (l )
1 (l )
Vin e l 1 (l )
Zo
Note: (l ) is
dependent on
and
This is the input impedance looking into a t-line of length l

Line & load interactions
75
In chapter 2, you learned how to calculate waveforms

in a multi-reflective system using lattice diagrams
Period of transmission line ringing proportional to the line delay
Remember, the line delay is proportional to the phase constant
In frequency domain analysis, the same principles

apply, however, it is more useful to calculate the
frequency when the reflection coefficient is either
maximum or minimum
This will become more evident as the class progresses
To demonstrate, lets assume a loss free transmission line
R jL G jC
0 R G 0
j
j 2 2 LC j LC
76
Line & load interactions
2l
Remember, the input reflection takes the form (l ) o e
The frequency where the values of the real & imaginary

reflections are zero can be calculated based on the line length
o e 2 ( l ) o e j 2 ( l ) o e j 2l
LC
Term 1
Term 2
o cos 4fl LC j sin 4fl LC
n
4fl LC
4fl LC n
2
n
Term 1=0
n
Term 2=0
f
f
Term 2 =
o
4l LC
Term 1 = o
8l LC
n 1,2,3...
n 1,3,5...
Note that when the imaginary portion is zero, it means the phase
of the incident & reflected waveforms at the input are aligned. Also
notice that value of 8 and 4 in the terms.
Example #1: Periodic Reflections

Calculate:
1. Line length
2. RL
(l )
(assume a very low loss line)

2.5E-01
Er_eff=1.0
Zo=75
Z=-l
Real
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
5.0E-02
0.0E+00
-5.0E-02
-1.0E-01
-1.5E-01
-2.0E-01
-2.5E-01
0.0E+00
5.0E+08
1.0E+09 1.5E+09
Frequency
2.0E+09
RL
Z=0
Imaginary
2.0E-01
Reflection Coeff.
77
2.5E+09
3.0E+09
Example #1: Solution
78
Step 1: Determine the periodicity zero crossings or peaks & use the
relationships on page 15 to calculate the electrical length
3
1
1
f n 3 f n 1
1.76GHz 588MHz 1.176GHz

4l LC 4l LC 2l LC
1
1
TD l LC
425 ps
2( f n 3 f n 1 ) 2.35GHz
Imaginary
Example #1: Solution (cont.)
79
Note the relationship between the peaks and the electrical length
1
This leads to a very useful equation
lines
2( f n 3 forf ntransmission
1 )
TD l LC
Fpeaks
2TD
Since TD and the effective Er is known, the line

length can be calculated as in chapter 2
length
TD
425 ps
0.127 m 5in
Er _ eff
1 s
8
3 10Signaling
m
c Differential
Example #1: Solution (cont.)

The load impedance can be calculated by observing the peak values of the reflection
When the imaginary term is zero, the real term will peak, and the maximum reflection will occur
If the imaginary term is zero, the reflected wave is aligned with the incident wave and the phase term = 1
Important Concepts demonstrated

The impedance can be determined by the magnitude of the reflection
The line length can be determined by the phase, or periodicity of the reflection
RL Z o 2l RL 75
(l )
e
(1) 0.2
RL Z o
RL 75
RL 50
80

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Instructor: Richard Mellitz

Slide content from Stephen Hall

Motivation: Why Use Frequency Domain Analysis

Motivation: Why Frequency Domain Analysis?

Frequency Domain Analysis allows discrete

Frequency Analysis is beneficial for Three reasons

S-Parameters are used to extract electrical parameters

The behavior of S-parameters can be used to gain

Review Important Concepts

The impedance looking into a terminated transmission

Two Port Network Theory

Network theory is based on the property that a linear

Each Parameter set is related to 4 variables

Network characterized with Port Impedance

Open Circuit Voltage measured at Port i

Zii the impedance looking into port i

Impedance Matrix: Example #2

Calculate the impedance matrix for the following circuit:

Impedance Matrix: Example #2

Step 1: Calculate the input impedance

Step 2: Calculate the impedance across the network

Impedance Matrix: Example #2

Measuring the impedance matrix

Assume F=5 GHz

Zo=50 ohms, length=5 in

Measuring the impedance matrix

Without Probe Capacitance

Zo=50 ohms, length=5 in

With Probe Capacitance @ 5 GHz

Advantages/Disadvantages of Impedance Matrix

Note: The Admittance Matrix is very similar, however, it is characterized

Scattering Matrix (S-parameters)

Measuring the power at each port across a well

Power measured at port i

Making sense of S-Parameters Return Loss

S11 is measure of the power returned to the source,

Making sense of S-Parameters Return Loss

If the network is driven with a 50 ohm source, then S11 is

S11 of a transmission line

Example #3 Interpreting the return loss

Example Interpreting the return loss

84.7 ps / inch 39.37inch / m)

Example Interpreting the return loss

Note: The phase of the

Er=1.0 and Zo=75 ohms

S21 is measure of the power transmitted from

Loss free networks

Ptransmitted _ port1 port 2

Since s-parameters are the square root of power ratios, the

Insertion loss example

Insertion loss example

What percentage of the total power is dissipated by the transmission line ?

S-parameters; 5 inch microstrip;

Insertion loss example

When the reflections are minimal, alpha can be estimated

Important concepts demonstrated

The impedance can be determined by the

A note about the term Loss

True losses come from physical energy losses

Insertion and Return losses include effects such as

S-parameters can be used to extract the transmission line

While it is possible to cascade s-parameters, it gets