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Total mass
entering the system
Total mass
leaving the system
min-mout=msys
(kg)
(kg/s)
dA
m V
Ein-Eout=Esys
Net energy transfer
by heat, work and mass
(kJ)
Ein-Eout=Esys
(kJ/s=kW)
NOTE : When mass enters a CV, the energy of the CV always increases.
When mass leaves a CV, the energy of the CV always decreases.
e = u+ke+pe
e = u+V2+gz
E or
= leaving
mxe a CV possesses
Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid : The fluid entering
Flow work is
the energy
needed to
push a fluid
into or out of
a control
volume.
= u+ke+pe+Pv
=
=
=
u+V2+gz+Pv
h+V2+gz
m x
2.
3.
Total mass
leaving the system
per unit time
.
m m
i
NOTE
Conservation
of
mass
Conservation
of
volume
( kg / s )
For single-stream
(only 1 inlet and 1 exit)
systems
.
mi me
i Vi Ai e Ve Ae
1
1
Vi Ai Ve Ae
vi
ve
Ein-Eout=Esys
Ein-Eout= 0
Net energy transfer in
by heat, work and mass
Q - W + m i (hi+kei+pei) - m e (he+kee+pee) = 0
q - w = [(he-hi)+(kee-kei)+(pee-pei)]
q - w = hei
Q 0
W=0
keei 0
peei 0
Nozzles
Example 4-1 : Air at 10 0 C and 80 kPa a enters the diffuser of a jet engine
steadily with a velocity of 200 m/s. The inlet area of the diffuser is 0.4 m 2. The
air leaves the diffuser with a velocity that is very small compared with the inlet
velocity. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of the air and (b) the temperature of
the air leaving the diffuser.
Ve 0 m/s
Te=?
?v i
1.015 m 3 / kg
Pi
80
1
1
Vi Ai
( 200)(0.4) 78.8 kg/s
vi
1.015
Example 4-2 : Steam at 250 psia and 700 OF steadily enters a nozzle whose
inlet area is 0.2 ft2. The mass flow rate of the steam through the nozzle is 10
lbm/s. Steam leaves the nozzle at 200 psia with a velocity of 900 ft/s. The heat
losses from the nozzle per unit mass of the steam are estimated to be 1.2
Btu/lbm. Determine (a) the inlet velocity and (b) the exit temperature of the
steam.
Pi=250 psia
Ti=700 OF
Ai=0.2 ft2
mi=10 lbm/s
Vi=?
(a)
m
1
Vi Ai
vi
vi=2.688 ft3/lbm
hi=1371.1 Btu/lbm
Table A-6E
(b)
Pe=200 psia
Ve=900 ft/s
Te=?
0
[(h -h ) + (V 2- V 2)]
Q=m
e
i
e
i
Q=m
[ hei+ keei]
he=(Q/m)+hi(Ve2- Vi2)
Table A-6E
Te=661.9 oF
TURBINES
m in
m out
W CV
TURBINES
TURBINES
TURBINES
TURBINES
TURBINES
COMPRESSORS
COMPRESSORS
COMPRESSORS
COMPRESSORS
COMPRESSORS
TURBINES
Q0
W0
keei 0
peei 0
i
Pi=100 kPa
Ti=280 K
Table A-17
(-16*0.02)-W=0.02(400.98-280.13)
W=-2.737 kW
Win=-2.737 kW
Pe=100 kPa
Te=400 K
hi=280.13 kJ/kg
Table A-17
he=400.98 kJ/kg
(-16*0.02)-W=0.02[1.005*(400-280)]
W=-2.732
kW
Win=-2.732 kW
-w=
hei+ keei+ peei -w=(-885.87)+(14.95)+(-0.04) w=870.96
kJ/kg
THROTTLING VALVES
THROTTLING VALVES
Turbines
P reduces
Produce work
hei=0
he=hi
Q0
W = 0
keei 0
peei 0
Throttling
valves
Used to reduce P
No work production
P T (or T )
Pi=0.8 MPa
Table A-12
sat. liquid
Ti=31.33 oC
hi=93.42 kJ/kg
hf=21.32 kJ/kg
hg=233.86 kJ/kg
(b)
Pe=0.12 MPa
Tab A-12
Pe=0.12 MPa
he=hi =93.42 kJ/kg
Tab A-12
Te=-22.36 oC
T=Te-Ti= (-22.36-31.33)=-53.69 OC
MIXING CHAMBERS
MIXING CHAMBERS
m i - m e = 0
Q - W + m i (hi+kei+pei) - m e (he+kee+pee) = 0
Q0
W = 0
keei 0
peei 0
P1=20 psia
T1=140 oF
P2=20 psia
T2=50 oF
P3=20 psia
T3=110 oF
h1=107.96 Btu/lbm
h2=18.06 Btu/lbm
h3=78.02 Btu/lbm
Mass
Balance
m i - m
e= 0
(m1+m2)-(m3)=0 m3=m1+m2
Q - W + mi (hi+kei+pei) - me (he+kee+pee) = 0
Energy
m
h
+
m
h
(m
+m
1 1
2 2
1
2)h3 = 0
Balance
y= m1/m2 y=(h3-h2)/(h1-h3)
y=(78.02-18.06)/(107.96-78.02)=2.0
HEAT EXCHANGERS-Fan-coil
HEAT EXCHANGERS-Tubular
HEAT EXCHANGERS-Plate-fin
Recup &
Regen
HEAT EXCHANGERS-Plate-fin
HEAT EXCHANGERS-Plate
HEAT EXCHANGERS
m i - m e = 0
Q - W + m i (hi+kei+pei) - m e (he+kee+pee) = 0
W=0
keei 0
peei 0
P1=300 kPa
T1=15 oC
h1=62.99 kJ/kg
Mass
Balance
Energy
Balance
P2=300 kPa
T2=25 oC
h2=104.89 kJ/kg
P3=1 MPa
T3=70 oC
h3=302.34 kJ/kg
P3=1 MPa
T3=35 oC
h4=98.78 kJ/kg
mi - me = 0
m1=m2=mw
Q - W + mi (hi+kei+pei) - me (he+kee+pee) = 0
mw=0.486 kg/s
MB m
1=m2=mw=0.486 kg/s
EB Q + m1h1 m2h2 = 0
Q=20.35 kJ/s
Pi=100 kPa
Ti=17 oC
Vi=150 m3/s
Pe=100 kPa
Te=?
MB m
=m
=m
?
i
e
m=Vi/v?i
Pivi=RTi
vi=RTi/Pi=0.287x290/10
vi=0.832 m3/kg
m=(150/60)/0.832=3 kg/s
Q W= m(h
e hi)
Q W= m[C
p(Te-Ti)]
-0.2-(-15)=3[1.005(Te-17)]
Te=21.9 oC
Pi=Patm
di=0.15 m
Pe=Patm
de=0.20 m
Te=Ti
0
Q - W = m[(he-hi)+(kee-kei)+(pee-pei)]
-W = 15[(0.482- 0.852)+9.81(65)](1/1000)
W = -9.55 kW
0 0