TICKET 2 ENGLISH

Unit 3
Formal, informal and non-formal education

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Outline:
Vocabulary (education)
Grammar (past perfect)
Functions (expressing purpose)
Writing (report writing)
Reading (students textbook ) pages 42-43
Listening (students TB ) page 40

Public
schools

Students

Adult
education

Parents

Education
Exams

Teachers
Curriculum

Private
institutions

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Various forms of learning

Formal education: what happens in educational

organisations (schools/universities), leading to formal

qualifications
Informal education: what happens throughout life
Non-formal education: what happens in a formal situation

but may not lead to formal qualifications (you may

become a poet, an actor depends on your talent: the
Brit School

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Vocabulary : Education collocations

Here's some collocations related to Education and learning situations.

Make :
- a mistake
- a progress
Examples :
- I started learning Spanish last month, but I haven't made a lot of progress.
- making mistakes can help us to learn quickly.
Get :
- marks (good / bad)
- a degree
Examples :
- I didn't get good marks in my last exam.
- I've got a degree from Al-Akhawayn University.

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Vocabulary : Education collocations

Do :
- a course (a lesson)
- a subject (Art, History, Computer science ..)
- a research
Examples :
- I did a swimming course before and still can't swim good.
- I'm doing physics at university.
- To do a research using Wikipedia is always a good choice.
Go :
- to class
- to lectures (at university)
Examples :
- Mr Lee is a good lecturer. I'm going to his lecture tomorrow morning.
- Go to your class and pay attention.

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More expressions and Idioms :

Practice makes perfect
- regular exercise of an activity or skill is the way to become proficient in it.
To learn by heart
- -You have to learn irregular verbs by heart.
To pick up
- I don't understand grammar rules. I just picked my Arabic up from the street.

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otd
w
roh
tgirh
eteC
s
o
h

Private
school
Learning
Formal
Adult
Boarding
Educational
High
Civic
Equal

education
school
year
illiteracy
priority
institution
system
goals
opportunity
education

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Fill in the blanks with the right words:

illiteracy goal - graduates system background - basic
1. You need an educational in mathematics if you want to
be an engineer .
2. Something should be done to reform the educational
of the developing countries.
3. University find difficulties to find a job nowadays.
4. One educational for developing countries would be at
least a education for every citizen.
5. Putting an end to adult is another priority for
developing countries.

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10

Complete the text with collocations from the box.

formal education - High priority fight illiteracy adult education non formal education
governmental support achieve mixed education free access public school
educational system private institution university degree state supported

Education is a .... .... issue in Morocco. . . is that type of

education which students get in a formally-organized school . This
type of education gets complete . . . In . . , the government
aims mainly to . . . It is the adult education. That is, most people
who attend these classes are old. In most Moroccan schools, we
have . . .This means that both boys and girls study together. In
the Moroccan . . , everybody has . . to education, which
means that you can attend a . . if you dont have money to go to
a . . . Both the students who attend public and private schools
do higher education, and they get a . . upon their graduation.
Both private and public schools in Morocco are . . . That is, the
Moroccan government gives its help and support to the private
schools as well as the public ones. Without a good education,
sustainable development would be impossible to . .

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THE PAST PERFECT

11

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he had gone
Study this example situation:
Sarah went to a party last week.
Paul went to the party too.

But they didnt see each other because

Paul went home at 10.30 and Sarah arrived at 11 oclock.

So we say:

When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul wasnt there, he had

gone home.
Had gone is the past perfect

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he had gone
Had gone is the past (simple):

Affirmative

Negative

Question

I/we/you/they
he/she/it
I/we/you/they
he/she/it

had

had

gone
seen
finished etc.

had not =
hadnt

gone
seen
finished etc.

I/we/you/they
he/she/it

gone?
seen?
finished ? etc.

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Use
We use

Past Perfect Tense

ONE

PAST

to describe

ACTION

which happened before

ANOTHER

PAST ACTION

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Use
Example :

The train had gone when I arrived at the station.

Action 1

a. Both
b.

Action 1

Action 1

Action 2

and Action 2 are past actions.

happened before

Action
. 2

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Use
Time diagram of Example :

The train had gone when I arrived at the station.

The train had gone

Past

Now

Future

I arrived
We dont know when exactly the train went
(Action 1) but it definitely went before the
moment I arrived (Action 2).

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Time indicators for the past perfect:

Already
When I arrived, the meeting had

already started.

Just
When you called, we had

just sat down to dinner.

Still
When Sarah went home at 5 oclock, she

still hadnt finished the report

So far
How many letters had been typed

so far?

Not yet
When we finished work, the snow hadnt stopped

yet.

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18

Complete the sentences using the past perfect

1.The plane left at 11. Mr.Morgan arrived at the airport at 11:15 (already)
.When Mr. Morgan arrived at the airport, the plane _______________ .
2.We started dinner at 7, the phone rang a few minutes later. (just)
.When the phone rang, ______________________________ .
3)The bank closed at 3 oclock. Sarah got there at 3:30. (already)
.By the time Sarah got there, ___________________________ .
4)I went to bed at 11 last night. Right after that you called. (just)
.When you called me last night, _________________________ .
5)Khalid didnt finish the report. He went home at 5. (still)
.When Khalid went home at 5, __________________________ .
6)We left for the beach at ten. It started to rain at one (not yet)
.When we left for the beach, ____________________________ .

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19

Read the situations and write sentences ending with before. Use the
verbs in ().
1. The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. It
was his first flight.
.(fly) before.
2. A woman walked in the room. She was a complete stranger to

me.
.(see) I . before.
3. Simon played tennis yesterday. He wasnt very good because

it was his first time.

.(play) .. .
4. Last year we went to Denmark. It was our first time there.
.(be) we .

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20

Put the verbs in correct form: past perfect or past simple.

1.Was tom at the party when you arrived? no, he .. (go) home.
2.I felt very tired when I got home, so I .. (go) straight to bed.
3.The house was quiet when I got home. Everyone . (go) to bed.
4.Sorry Im late. The car . (break) down on my way here.
5.We were driving along the road when we (see) a car which

(break) down, so we . (stop) to see if we

could help.

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Expressing purpose
Hamid went to the shop. He wanted to buy some milk.
Why did Hamid go to the shop?
What was his goal?

And the answer is:

to buy some milk. or

in order to buy some milk.

Hamid went to the shop in order to buy some milk.

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Expressions of purpose (affirmative)

To
So as to
In order to

+ bare infinitive
Example:

I study to succeed.
I study to to succeed.

Other Examples:
He is looking for a part time job to save some pocket money.
She wakes up early in order to be on time to work.
Bac students study hard so as to pass their exams.

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Expressions of purpose (negative)

So as not to
In order not to

bare infinitive

Examples:
They woke up early in order not to be late.
She exercises regularly so as not to get fat.
He helped the new policewoman so as not to fail in her first mission.

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Purpose with: so that - in order that

You can also express purpose with so that or in order that. In

this case you generally need to use a modal verb.

So that
In order that

Can, could, would etc.

Examples:
He turned down the music so that he wouldn't disturb the neighbors.
He got a visa in order that he can travel to the USA.
He decided to stay in England for a while so that he could practice his
English.

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Purpose with: for

Purpose can be also expressed by using for.

For

Noun or a verb + ing

Examples:

I stopped there for a chat.

This mop is for cleaning the floor.

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Mach the numbers with the letters to make

meaningful sentences
1.She turned off the radio so as to
2.They didnt want to go to bed so as not to
3.She stops eating chocolate in order not to
4.I dont want to leave the office early so that
5.They kept me inside in order that

a. I could speak to the manger.

b. get fatter than she is now.

c. hear what her mother was saying.

d. I wouldnt go to see the police.
e. miss the midnight movie

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27

Join the sentences using the words given.

1.She paid me a visit. She wanted to chat with me. (for).
2.They held an urgent meeting. They wanted to discuss all the pending
issues. (so that)
3.She is saving money. She wants to buy a new iPad. (in order to)
4.I went to bed early. I wanted to get enough sleep before the exam. ( to)
5.After the exams, I went to the countryside. I wanted to rest. (for).
6.He opened the window. He wanted to get some fresh air. (for)
7.He phoned me at midnight. He wanted to make sure I had done my
homework. (in order to)
8.They left home early. They didn't want to miss the bus. (in order to)
9.They didn't want to eat burgers. They didn't want to get sick. (in order to)

10.She decided to go to the North Pole. She didn't want to see him
again. (so as to)

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28

Complete with the correct expression of purpose.

1.Concentrate on your exercise .make any mistakes.
2.You have to wake up . be on time.
3.You have to register . participate in the forum.
4.She left work early . be at home when he arrives.

5.Ships carry life boats . the crew can escape when the ship sinks.
6.I will go to university . continue my studies.
7.He exercises regularly . be overweight.

8. . you can produce a good essay, you need to edit your writing
before you hand it in.
9.She works hard . she can earn a living.
10.These men risk their . we may live more safely.

REPORT WRITING

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What is a report?

Definition
A report is an informative piece of writing
concerning a particular event, person, or a
situation, presented in formal and organized
format.

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Structure of the Report

Title
Introduction
Main Body
Conclusion

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Structure of the Report

Title:
It should be short and precise. It should give the reader a
general idea about the content of a report.
Examples:
A report on the immigration of skilled workers
A report on drug addiction among students
etc.

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Structure of the Report

Introduction: sets the scene for your report by giving

the reader details such as (date, place, participants)

Examples:

The purpose of this report is to

As requested, this is a report concerning .
This report contains / outlines / examines
This report will consider the following

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Structure of the Report

Body: it is the essential part of your report. It should

include the main ideas. It is usually limited to one

paragraph.

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Structure of the Report

Conclusion: summarizes the information given and

may include an opinion and/ or suggestion or a

recommendation.
Examples:
To conclude / to sum up / in conclusion
On the basis of the points mentioned above, it would seem that
I recommend / I would suggest that

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Lets practice

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37

Pre-writing
Before you start writing, first you have to answer the

following questions:
What is the topic of the report?
What is the reason of the report?
Is the report informative or evaluative (including your opinion and
recommendations)?
What is the identified problem / event?
Where is the identified problem / event?

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Study the following chart about the

28th Marathon des Sables (the
Sand Marathon) held in April 2013
and use the information to write a
report for your school magazine.

Aim of the Marathon To collect money for the poor

Date and place

From April 5 to 15; in the south of Morocco / near Ouarzazate

Distance

Competitors carry basic supplies (food, clothes, medical kit,

sleeping bags etc.) water is distributed every 10 km

Participants

1017, men and women, aged 18 up 80 years / from all over the
world

winners

Womens race: Laurence Klein (France)

mens race: Mohamad Ahansal (Morocco)

Prize ceremony

Winners received awards

Conclusion

Your opinion about the race

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Possible answer:
Marathon des Sables what a journey?
The aim of this report is to outline and examine the journey of one of the
greatest races in the our time; the Marathon des Sables or the MSD.
It takes place every year in April fifth till the fifteenth of the same month
near the city of Ouarzazate, Morocco. Its aim is to collect money for the poor
throughout the contestants contributions. To finish the race, each racer has to
run for about 240 kilometers and they have to carry their basic supplies such
as food, clothes, medical kit in case of emergency, their sleeping bags except
for water which is handed out every 10 kilometer. Approximately 1017 men
and women from all over the globe have participated in the 2013 version. The
only condition is to be aged between eighteen and eighty. This years winners
are Laurence Klein from France in the category of women and for the mens
race, Mohamad Ahansal came first. Winner from both categories received
awards in a prize ceremony.
To conclude, I believe that such events are to be encouraged and given
the full support from all organizations because they are beneficial to the
participants and the people to whom the profits are assigned to.

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You attended an event organized by your

school environment club to celebrate Earth
Day. Use the information in the chart below and
write report about this event.

Organizers

Club members and some teachers

Topic

Environmental problems in our region

Date and place

22nd April, Municipality conference room

Participants

About 120 people; teachers, students,

environmentalists, school environment clubs, factory
owners, NGOs

activities

Morning: 2 presentations, film and discussion

Afternoon: debate + poster exhibitions + competition +
prize distribution ceremony

Conclusion

Opinions and reactions

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Possible answer:
In April 22nd and in the municipality conference, I attended such a
wonderful celebration about the Earth Day which was organized by our
school environment club members with the help of some teachers. The
interesting matter was about the environmental problems in our region.
At first, I truly wasnt concerned with this event, but after I saw all the
activities and the efforts that they made I was embarrassed. In the morning,
they did two general presentations (giving the general idea about the earth
day). Then, they showed us a movie about the same issue. After that, some
girls started a discussion which I took the initiative and shared with them my
information and opinion. There was a lot of participants 120 persons: teachers,
students, environmentalists and some NGOs representatives. We werent only
talking about the problems, but we were trying to solve them as well. In the
afternoon, there was some other activities as debates and posts exhibition.
Moreover, we participated in a competition where I got a prize.
To sum up, I would say that I had leaned an awesome lesson from that
unforgettable day about how to believe that the environment is our home.
Furthermore, we should respect it and keep it for generations to come.

Written by a student, from the 2014 exam.

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