FLOOD RELATED

DISEASES
TYPHOID
CHOLERA
HEPATITIS A
PREPARED BY :
1) SHARIFAH NURUL IZZAH AZMAN SHAH (P8739)
2) HAMINAH NOOR (P87397)
3) JOEMIL EKIM

INTRODUCTION
Flooding is often associated with higher risks
of infections.
The potential of a large increase in the
number of and the spread of communicable
diseases (particularly water-borne diseases).
The major risk factor - possibility of
contamination of drinking-water or other
water based facilities in the surrounding areas.

TYPHOID

INTRODUCTION
Typhoid fever also known as typhoid.
Life-threatening illness caused by
bacterium Salmonella Typhi (S.typhi).

the

These germs are found in urine and faeces

of the infected individuals and typhoid
carriers.

epidemiology
According to the most recent
estimates (published in 2014),
approximately 21 million cases
and 222 000 typhoid-related
deaths occur annually worldwide.
(WHO,2016).

TRANSMISSION
The infection is transmitted by ingestion of food
or water contaminated with faeces.
Flies may cause human infection through
transfer of the infectious agents to exposed food.
Can be transmitted through hands which are
contaminated by the faeces of the carriers if not
washed before eating or preparing food.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Severe headache
Abdominal discomfort
Dysentery followed by Diarrhea
Prolonged high fever for 3 4 weeks
Rashes on the body
Sunken eyes
May become unconscious and mumble

DIAGNOSIS
The bacteria enter the bloodstream temporarily.
The bacteria are carried by white blood cells in the liver,
spleen, and bone marrow, where they multiply and
reenter the bloodstream.
Bacteria invade the gallbladder, biliary system, and the
lymphatic tissue of the bowel.
The bacteria pass into the intestinal tract and can be
identified in stool samples.
If a test result isn't clear, blood samples will be taken to
make a diagnosis.

PREVENTION
The Health Education Officer should promote the
importance of practicing hygiene and cleanliness:
Wash your hands often especially after using the
bathroom.
If soap and water are not available, clean hands with
hand sanitizer
Make sure your hands are clean before preparing food.
Make sure your hands are clean if you want to touch
your eyes, nose or mouth.

TREATMENT
Typhoid fever is treated with antibiotics.
Several antibiotics are effective for the treatment of
typhoid fever such as chloramphenicol , ampicilin,
ciprofloxacin.
With appropriate antibiotic therapy, there is usually
improvement within one to two days and recovery within
seven to 10 days.
With antibiotics and supportive care, mortality has been
reduced to 1%-2%.