Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Transmission Limits
Transmission Limits
LOADING
a scheme to improve transmission of
cable pairs by the addition of
inductive devices in series with the
cable pair.
Loading coil coil of wire around a
magnetically permeable core
constituting inductances which can
be inserted in a circuit at regular
intervals to improve transmission.
Code Letter
Spacing (ft)
Spacing (m)
A
B
C
D
E
F
H
X
Y
700
3000
929
4500
5575
2787
6000
680
2130
213.5
915
283.3
1372.6
1700.4
650
1830
207.4
649.6
BORSCHT Function
BORSCHT Function
MULTIPLEX
ING
Frequency
Division
Multiplex
a method of multiplexing in which the
FDM Hierarchy
Multiple sources that originally
occupied the same frequency
spectrum are each converted to a
different frequency band and
transmitted simultaneously over a
single transmission medium.
FDM is an analog multiplexing
scheme. The information entering
an FDM system is analog and it
remains analog throughout
transmission.
FDM Hierarchy
FDM Hierarchy
Message Channel
FDM Hierarchy
Basic Master group
FDM Hierarchy
Super Jumbo group
FDM Hierarchy
Singing
is the result of sustained oscillations
due to positive feedback in telephone
amplifiers or amplifying circuits.
echo that is completely out of control.
ES Echo Suppressor
An electronic circuit which is inserted
into a 4-wire trunk path effectively to
block the passage of reflected signal
energy.
Transmission Losses
Telephone Traffic
Telephone Traffic
Traffic
A=CxT
where: A = Traffic flow
C = calling rate per hour
T = the average holding time per call
Traffic UNITS
P=
An
____n!___
n
x= 0
Ax
x!
Where: P = Probability
N = Number of circuits
A = Traffic Flow; erlang
P = eA
x=
x!
n
Ax
An n _
nA _
n!
P = n-1
Ax + An n_
x= 0
x! n! n-A
Service Entrance
Aerial
Undergroun
d
Aerial
Undergroun
d
Cable Facility
Sizing
(ENTRANCE)
The Rule of
thumb for an
Office
complex is 1
pair for every
10 sq. m of
usable floor
area
Size of Entrance
Conduit
(mm diameter)
50
65
75
* Minimum size of100
Entrance Conduit: 50 mm
diameter
Main Terminal
Main Terminal
Terminals to be
terminated
Entrance
House/riser
Other special services
(data, computer etc.)
Riser System
Distribution System
PULSE MODULATION
AN
AL
PAM
PULSE MODULATION
PULSE MODULATION
PULSE MODULATION
SIGNAL
PAM
PWM
PPM
D
IG
IT
AL
PULSE MODULATION
PULSE MODULATION
PULSE MODULATION
A
A sample
sample frequency
frequency of
of 8000
8000 Hz
Hz has
has been
been
specified
specified internationally
internationally for
for the
the frequency
frequency band
band
(300
to
(300
to
reduce
reduce
3400
3400
the
the
Hz)
Hz)
effect
effect
used
used
of
ofin
noise
in
noise
telephone
telephone
in
in the
the systems.
systems.
the
the quantized
quantized values
values are
are converted
converted into
into binary
binary
-dividing
transmission,
dividing
transmission,
The
Thethe
the
telephone
telephone
amplitude
amplitude
the
the sampled
sampled
signal
signal
scale
scale
is
is
pulses
pulses
sampled
into
sampled
into steps.
steps.
are
are8000
applied
8000
applied
The
The to
to
codes;
several
codes; the
several
the
input
input
combination
combination
signals
signals are
are
of
ofcombined
combined
the
the presence
presence
for
for and
and
times
a
amplitude
times
a
amplitude
compressor,
compressor,
per
per second.
second.
of
of the
the
which
which
pulse
pulse
compresses
compresses
is
is expressed
expressed
the
theas
as
sampled
sampled
the
the step
step
absence
simultaneous
absence of
simultaneous
of unit
unit
transmission
transmission
pulses
pulses and
and are
are
along
along
made
made
aa single
single
into
into PCM
PCM
line.
line.
-closest
pulses
closest
pulses
Therefore,
Therefore,
relatively
to
relatively
to it.
it.
the
the
more
more
interval
interval
intensive
intensive
between
between
at
at larger
larger
22
signals.
signals.
consecutive
amplitudes
consecutivethan
amplitudes
samples
than
samples
at
at smaller
smaller
from
from the
the
ones.
ones.
same
same telephone
telephone
signal.
signal.
-Sampling
Sampling Interval:
Interval: 125
125 usec.
usec.
PULSE MODULATION
to
to reconstruct
reconstruct the
the original
original analog
analog signal,
signal, the
the
aexpands
the
expands
a technique
the
technique
received
received
the
thefor
for
decoded
pulse
decoded
pulse
recovering
recovering
train
train
PAM
PAM
is
is the
converted
pulse
the
converted
pulse
original
original
more
more
into
into
intensive
intensive
PAM
PAM
PAM
PAM pulse
pulse train
train is
is fed
fed through
through aa low
low pass
pass filter,
filter,
individual
pulses
at
individual
pulses
at
smaller
smaller
which
which
amplitudes
signals
amplitudes
signals
are
are just
just
from
from
the
the
than
than
the
the
same
same
income
at
income
at larger
larger
as
as those
those
multiplex
multiplex
after
after
which
which connects
connects the
the peaks
peaks of
of the
the PAM
PAM pulses,
pulses,
signal.
quantizing.
amplitudes.
signal.
quantizing.
amplitudes.
thus
thus an
an analog
analog signal
signal is
is obtained.
obtained.
PULSE MODULATION
Spacing
Coil inductance
Wire gauge
Attenuation
Spacing
Coil inductance
Wire gauge
Attenuation
43. 12 T1 is called
1. Special frame
2. Superframe
3. Extended superframe
4. T12