M.TECH.

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

BIRLA
VISHVAKARMA
MAHAVIDHYALAYA

Carbon Dioxide(CO2) Capture and

Storage (CCS)

GUJARAT
TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY

PREPARED BY:

KAUSHAL PATEL
M.TECH. ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
ID NO: 15EN815
ENROLMENT NO:
150080717011
B.V.M ENGINEERING COLLEGE

GUIDED BY:

MRS. RESHMA L. PATEL

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
BVM ENGINEERING COLLEGE
V.V.NAGAR
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Contents
Review I
The Need for CO2 Capture and Storage
Largest CO2 Emitters
Addressing the Challenge
Inside CCS
CO2 Capture

Contents
Review - II
CO2 Transport
CO2 Storage
Risk of Leakage
Current Projects
Advantages and Disadvantage
Carbon Capture: Environmental Impacts

A Solution to Climate Change

Need for CO2

and Storage

Capture

By 2050, global population will rise from

7 to 9 billion people
World energy demand is expected to increase
by 50% over the next 20 years

Source: United Nations Department of Economics and Social

Affairs, 2015

billion people

Today
Fossil fuels
(coal, gas and oil)
represent 80%
of the global energy mix
Renewables
only account for 13%
of our total energy supply

Source: IEA, Key World Energy Statistics, 2009

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World total primary

energy supply (2007)
Fossil Fuels
Renewables
13%
Nuclear
5.9%

81.1%

By 2030
Renewables
could make up 30%
of the global energy mix*

Estimated share of
renewables by 2030

30%

But fossil fuels will remain

our main source of energy
for decades to come

*Average taken across multiple estimates: IEA WEO 2008;

European Commission baseline scenario; German Ministry of Environment, EUROPROG
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Largest CO2 Emitters

Fossil fuels power plants,

heavy
industry
and
refineries
account for 52% of the
worlds
current
CO2
emissions
(15 billion tones CO2
Source: IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture
and emissions/year)
Storage

and too Much CO2 Leads to

Global
Warming
which in turn, produces climate change

CCS alone will provide up to

20% of the CO2 emission
reductions we need
to make by 2050.
Heres how it works...

Source: IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture

and Storage

CO2 Capture
There are 3 technologies to capture CO2 :

Pre-combustion:

Where CO2 is captured before fuel is burned

Oxy-fuel:

Where CO2 is captured during fuel combustion

Post-combustion:

Where CO2 is captured after fuel has been burned

(This technology can also be retrofitted to existing power and industrial

plants)

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Pre-combustion
In Pre-combustion, the aim
is to remove the carbon
from coal fuelbeforeit's
burned. The coal is reacted
with oxygen to makesyngas
(synthesis gas), a mixture
of carbon monoxide and
hydrogen gases.
The
hydrogen
can
be
removed and either burned
directly
as
fuel
or
compressed and stored for
use infuel-cellcars.Wateris
added
to
the
carbon
monoxide to make carbon
dioxide (which is stored) and

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Post-combustion
In
post
combustion,
we're trying to remove
carbon dioxide from a
power
station's
outputaftera fuel has
been burned.
That means waste gases
have to be captured and
scrubbed clean of their
CO2before they travel
up smokestacks.
The scrubbing is done by
passing
the
gases
through ammonia, which
is then blasted clean
with steam, releasing

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Oxy-fuel
Power plants don't produce
pure CO2: because there's
often not enough oxygen
for complete combustion
they
produce
other
pollutant gases as well.
One way to purify the
exhaust is to blow extra
oxygen into the furnace so
the fuel burns completely
producing relatively pure
steam and CO2.
Once the steam is removed
(by cooling and condensing

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CO2Transport
Pipelines are the most common method for
transporting CO2
Predominately to oil and gas fields, where it is used
for enhanced oil recovery (EOR).
Predominately to oil and gas fields, where it is used
for enhanced oil recovery (EOR).
Rail cars and trucks can also transport CO2, but this
mode would probably be uneconomical for largescale CCS operations.
Costs for pipeline transport vary, depending on
construction, operation and maintenance
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Co2 Storage
Geological Storage:The subsurface of the earth Largest carbon
reservoirs where the vast majority of worlds
carbon held in coal ,oil, gas organic rich shells,
and carbonate rock.
There is two types of storage:
Underground Storage
Ocean storage

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Underground Storage
We use a natural mechanism that has trapped CO2,
gas and oil for millions of years
Liquid CO2 is pumped deep underground into two
types of reservoirs:
deep saline aquifers (700m-3,000m)
depleted gas and oil fields (up to 5,000m)
Both types of reservoirs have a layer of porous rock to
absorb the CO2 and an impermeable layer of cap rock
to seal the porous layer

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The liquid CO2 is pumped deep

underground into one of two types of
CO2 storage reservoir (porous rock)

Cap rock

Deep saline aquifer

700m - 3,000m

Cap rock
up to 5,000m

Depleted oil and gas fields

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The Safety of Stored CO2

Increases Over
Time
... due
to 3 natural
1

mechanisms
Residual trapping

CO2 is trapped in tiny rock pores

and cannot move
Dissolution trapping
CO2 dissolves into surrounding
salt water
Mineral trapping
CO2-rich water sinks to the bottom
of the reservoir and reacts
to form minerals
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Ocean Storage
Two main concepts exist
The dissolution type injects CO2 by ship or pipeline
into the water column at depths of 1000 m or more,
and the CO2 subsequently dissolves.
The lake type deposits CO2 directly onto the sea
floor at depths greater than 3000 m, where CO2 is
denser than water and is expected to form a lake
that would delay dissolution of CO2 into the
environment.

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Risk of Leakage
The risks due to leakage from storage of CO2
geological reservoirs fall into two broad categories:

in

global risks and

local risks.
Global risks involve the release of CO2 that may
contribute significantly to climate change if some
fraction leaks from the storage formation to the
atmosphere.
In addition, if CO2 leaks out of a storage formation,
local hazards may exist for humans, ecosystems and
groundwater. These are the local risks.
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CS: Current projects

Currently only 4 projects are working worldwide.
Sleipner :
(1996)
Salah :
(2004)
Weyburn :
(2005)
Snvit :

(2008)

The first demonstration plant in the UK will be operational

from 2015.

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Current project - Sleipner

Sleipner Norway
Motivation for

injection/storage

Storage in saline

formation (200 m thick,

at 800-1000 m depth)

3000 t CO2 /day (1 Mt

annually)

Total storage planned :

20,000,000 t CO2

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Current project - Salah

In Salah Algeria
Separation of CO2 from

natural gas in amine

contactor towers

Storage in gas field

3-4000 t CO2 /day
Total planned storage:

17,000,000 t CO2

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Current project - Weyburn

Weyburn, Canada
Motivation for

injection/storage

Storage in saline

formation

injecting 26 million

tones (net) over the

lifetime of the project

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25

Current project - Snvit

In northern Norway
CO2 content in gas

extracted is too high for

commercial use

Separation of CO2 from

natural gas in amine

contactor towers

capture and storage

capacity of 700,000
tones of CO2 per year

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Advantages
CCS applied to a modern conventional power plant
could reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere by
80-90 % compared to a plant without CCS.
the solvents used to capture CO2 from the flue gases
will remove some nitrogen oxides and sulphur
oxides.

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Disadvantages
Increase significantly the emissions of acid gas
pollutants.
Capturing and compressing C02 requires much
energy and would increase the fuel needs of a coalfired plant with CCS by 25-40%.
These and other system costs are estimated to
increase the cost of energy from a new power plant
with CCS by 21-90 %.
Water consumption, however, may be an issue for
carbon capture systems which rely on solvents to
remove CO2 from flue gases.
This increase in water consumption may make these
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systems less suited to dry regions.

Carbon
Capture:
Environmental Impacts
In ocean storage carbon dioxide reacts with water to form
acid, so the oceans could become significantly more acidic .
Another difficulty is that the CO2would also eventually return
to the atmosphere.
In addition to the global climate change impact of CO 2
returning to the atmosphere, leakages pose local risks to
health and ecosystems.
For storage sites under water, there are concerns about
chronic exposure of marine ecosystems to raised CO 2 levels,
such as might occur near injection sites.
For CO2 storage sites on land, there are concerns that large
scale leakage could harm people and wildlife in the
immediate vicinity.
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A Solution to Climate
Change
Alongside more renewables and greater energy
efficiency, CO2 Capture and Storage will help us
get
to the sustainable energy systems of the future

Our climate depends on it

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References
Department of Trade and Industry (UK), Gasification of Solid and
Liquid Fuels
for Power Generation, report TSR 008, Dec. 1998
Department of Trade and Industry (UK), Supercritical Steam
Cycles for Power
Generation Applications, report TSR 009, Jan. 1999
Durie R, Paulson C, Smith A and Williams D, Proceedings of the
5thInternational
Conference
on
Greenhouse
Gas
Control
Technologies,
CSIRO(Australia)
publications, 2000
Eliasson B, Riemer P W F and Wokaun A (editors), Greenhouse
Gas Control
Technologies, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference,
Elsevier Science
Ltd., Oxford 1999
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 International Energy Agency, Key World Energy Statistics, 1999

edition. IEA
Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, Transport &Environmental Aspects of
Carbon
Dioxide Sequestration, 1995, ISBN 1 898373 22 1
IEA, Key World Energy Statistics, 2009
IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, Abatement of Methane
Emissions,
June1998, ISBN 1 898 373 16 7
IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, Ocean Storage of CO2, Feb.
1999, ISBN
1 898 373 25 6

IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, The Reduction of Greenhouse

Gas
Emissions from the Cement Industry, report PH3/7, May 1999

IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, The Reduction of Greenhouse

Gas
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Emissions from the Oil Refining and Petrochemical Industry, report PH3/8,

 www.zeroemissionplatform.eu
www.Greenfacts.org
www.ieagreen.org.uk

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Thank You !!!!

Let us begin the journey for
Sustainable Environment

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