CH 4

OSI physical layer components

Introduction

Introduction

Early home data communication use FSK modem connected with PC

(personal computer).
Low speed data communication FSK links utilize data rate between 300 to
2400 bps (bits per second).
Medium speed data communication FSK links utilize data rate between
2400 to 9600 bps.
FSK link

UART

UART(Universal asynchronous receiver transmitter): Converts parallel

data into asynchronous serial data stream.
Idle line is high.
At starting one Start bit which is 0.
At the end one or two stop bit which is 1.
Many include a parity bit for error detection also.
UART most of manufactured on a single IC chip. One such IC is
asynchronous communication interface adapter (ACIA) produced by
Motorola.

UART receiver
In this divide ratio between input clock frequency and data rate of receiver is
consider (eg. 16 clock cycles in single bit data).
Input data line is constantly monitored for a characters start bit.
When it sense as a change from an idle line one to zero logic state indicated as point
A.
Once a low level state is detected, it is necessary to verify that this condition is an
actual start bit or not.
For that receiver monitors receive data line for half duration of single bit time
interval (start bit half duration) indicated as point B.
For Divide ratio of 16, there are 16 clock cycles per single data bit time, so it takes 8
clock cycles before the center of start bit and verified.
If the level is still low at this time, the low condition is accepted as a start bit and
character can be shifted in.
Shift pulses, point C are generated every 16 clock cycles from the verification of
point C and decode data.
This process repeat up to verification of stop bits.

ACIA
Rd/Wr

R
sele
ct

Chip
select and
Rd/Wr
contro

Chip select 0
2

Clear to send

Data carrier detect

Request to send

RS232 interface
RS232 is one of the interface standard to interconnect DCE
and DTE
Which use for serial data transmission.

DB 9 connector for RS232

DB 25 connector for RS232c

Sending Data

Control

Control Pins

Null modem

Some times is become necessary to connect two DTE over a short distance
without modem.
In this case a null modem can be used.
It is actually an RS232c, which has a few wires crossed.

RS-423: Unbalanced Mode

1 ft = 30.48
Cm

RS-422: Balanced Mode

10
0

V2

V1

V3= V2-V1
V3 > 4 logic 0
V3 < -4 logic 1

RS232

RS422

Number of Devices

1 transmit
1 receive

5 transmitters
10 receivers

Max. Distance

50 feet at 19.2 Kbps

4000 feet at 100 Kbps

Max. Data Rate

19.2 Kbps for 40 feet

10 Mpbs for 40 feet

data 1

-3 V min.
-15 V max.

-4 V min.
-6 V max.

data 0

3 V min.
15 V max.

2 V min.
6 V max.

Digital-to-analog conversion

ASK

FSK

PSK
180
Phase
shift

Generation of PSK Signal

FSK
In
BFSK, The frequency of a sinusoidal carrier
is shifted between two discrete values.
for 1 and for 0

Quadrature PSK (QPSK) (4 PSK)

ASK and BPSK are two level modulation
because they can represent only two states of
the digital data ( 0 or 1).
In Quadrature modulation techniques, the data
groups are divided into groups of two or more
bits and each group of bits is represented by a
specific value of amplitude, frequency or
phase the carrier.

CONT
Bit stream 0
0
1
1
S1

Symbols
Label
Symbol
11 00
S1

0
S2

00

Phase
0

S2

01

90

S3

10

180

S4

11

270

S3

01

1
S4

10

CONT
Mathematical Representation

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)

In this type of modulation technique ASK and
PSK both apply.
Such a system is called as amplitude and phase
shift keying system.

Types of QAM
Name

Bits per symbol

Number of
symbols

4 QAM

=4

8
8 QAM
QAM
16 QAM
16 QAM
32 QAM
32 QAM
64 QAM
64 QAM

3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6

=8
= 16
=32
= 64

4 QAM

8 QAM

8 QAM
Symbol

Phase

Amplitude

000

Amp.1

001

Amp.2

010

90

Amp.1

011

90

Amp.2

100

180

Amp.1

101

180

Amp.2

110

270

Amp.1

111

270

Amp.2

V.34 and V.90 modems

As we discuss low and medium speed modem has 9600 bps
data rate.
Modern modems achieves rate up to 56 Kbps.
ITU standard for two of the most widely popular modems is
V.34 for speed up to 33 kbps and V.90 for speed up to 64 Kbps
data rates.
In actually V.34 provide only 28.8 Kbps and V.90 up to 56
Kbps.
QAM technique use in V.34 modem.
PCM technique use in V.90 modem ( 8 bit per sample, 256
levels).