Urinary system

 The body produces many

waste products, which are

excreted through a group of organs, which belong to

excretory system ->
Digestive system -> solid waste (stool)
Respiratory system -> gaseous waste (CO2)
Urinary system -> liquid waste (urine)
Skin -> liquid waste (sweat )
Urinary system is also known as Renal system.
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 Urinary system consists of following organs:

Pair of kidneys
Pair of ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

Kidney
There are two kidneys, situated one, on either side of
the vertebral column in the abdomen, at level of T12 to
L3.
Right kidney is at a lower level than the left, because of
the liver.
Kidneys are bean shaped, held by fatty tissue in their
place.

 Kidney has two distinct

area,

outer

is

cortex

and inner is medulla.

The

medulla

conical

contains
shaped

structures

known

as

pyramids.
Pyramids

directed

towards the inner part of

kidney called hilum, and
opens

in

to

collecting

ducts called calyx.

 Nephron:
Pyramids contains Nephron the basic structural units of
the kidney. There are about one million nephrons in
each kidney.
It consists of six parts:

Bowmans capsule
Proximal tubule
Descending tubule
Ascending tubule
Distal tubule
Collecting tubule

Each nephron
Glomerulus.

has

bunch

of

capillaries

called
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 Function of nephrons is formation of urine by three

main process - >
Filtration
Selective reabsorption
Secretion
Blood is circulating continuously through these nephron.
Here the artery which enter the bowmans capsules is
called Afferent artery

and the artery which joint to

the tubules is called Efferent artery.

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 The waste products are separated from the blood

through filtration here and blood sent back to the heart.
Glucose, amino acids, electrolytes and vitamins are
selectively reabsorb by proximal tubules by efferent
arteries.
Distal tubules secretes some waste substances

like

hydrogen and ammonia and medicines.The other waste

of body like urea, creatinine are collected in collecting
ducts of nephron and these all together form urine.
On an average about 150 -180 liters of water is filtered
by the kidneys in a day, but
excreted.

only about 1.5 liters

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 Ureter:
The calyxes collect urine from the pyramids, which are
then brought to the ureter through peristaltic
movement.
The ureters enter the posterior wall of the urinary
bladder which prevents re entry of urine into ureter.
Urinary Bladder:
Urinary bladder is made up of smooth muscles that
contract and relax in top to down movement.
The opening of urinary bladder is called urethra.
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 It has two sphincters, when the quantity of urine

exceed 450 to 500 ml the smooth muscles get stretched
and send signal to brain to contract

in longitudinal

direction.
Outer voluntary sphincter give us time to decide the
place and time for removal of urine this is known as
Micturition/Urination.

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