EGEE 102 Energy Conservation

And Environmental Protection

Energy Efficiency

Efficiency of Energy
Conversion
If we are more efficient with the
energy we already have there will
be less pollution, less reliance on
foreign oil and increased domestic
security.

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

Energy Efficiency
Energy Input

Energy
Conversion
Device

Useful Energy
Output

Energy Dissipated
to the Surroundings

Useful Energy Output

Efficiency
Total Energy Input
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

Illustration
An electric motor consumes 100 watts (a joule
per second (J/s)) of power to obtain 90 watts of
mechanical power. Determine its efficiency ?

Useful Energy Output

Efficiency
Total Energy Input
=

90 W x 100
100 W

= 90 %

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

Efficiency of Some
Common Devices
Device

Efficiency

ElectricMotor
HomeOilFurnace
HomeCoalFurnace
SteamBoiler(power
plant)

PowerPlant(thermal)
AutomobileEngine
LightBulbFluorescent
LightBulbIncandescent
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

90

65
55
89
36
25
20
5

Vehicle Efficiency
Gasoline Engine

25%Ofthegasolineisusedtopropelacar,therestis
lostasheat.i.eanefficiencyof0.25
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati
6
Source:EnergySources/Applications/Alternatives

Heat Engine
A heat engine is
any device which
converts heat
energy into
mechanical
energy.
Accounts for 50%
of our energy
conversion
devices
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

Carnot Efficiency
Maximum efficiency that can be
obtained for a heat engine

TemperatureisinKelvin!!!!!!!
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

Illustration
Foracoalfiredutilityboiler,Thetemperatureofhigh
pressuresteamwouldbeabout540CandTcold,the
coolingtowerwatertemperaturewouldbeabout
20C.
CalculatetheCarnotefficiencyofthepowerplant?

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

540C=540+273K=813K
20C=20+273=293K

293

CarnotEfficiency () 1
x100

64%
813
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

10

Inference
Amaximumof64%ofthefuelenergycango
togeneration.TomaketheCarnot
efficiencyashighaspossible,eitherThot
shouldbeincreasedorTcoldshouldbe
decreased.

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

11

Schematic Diagram of a
Power Plant

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

12

Boiler Components
Chemical Energy Input (100 BTU
)
Boiler

Thermal Energy (88 BTU

)
Turbine

Mech. Energy (36 BTU

)
Generator

Elec. Energy Output (10.26 Wh

)

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

13

Overall Efficiency
OverallEff=ElectricEnergyOutput(BTU)x100
ChemicalEnergyInput(BTU)
=35BTUx100
100BTU
=35%
OverallEfficiencyofaseriesofdevices=

(ThermalEnergy)x(MechanicalEnergy)x(ElectricalEnergy)

ChemicalEnergyThermalEnergyMechanicalEnergy
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

14

Overall Efficiency Cont..

(ThermalEnergy)x(MechanicalEnergy)x(ElectricalEnergy)

ChemicalEnergyThermalEnergyMechanicalEnergy
=

Eboiler Eturbine Egenerator

x

=0.88x0.41x0.97

=0.35or35%

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

15

System Efficiency
Theefficiencyofasystemisequaltothe
productofefficienciesoftheindividual
devices(subsystems)

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

16

Efficiency of a Light
Bulb
Step

Step Efficiency Cumulative

Efficiency

ExtractionofCoal 96%
96%
Transportation
98%
94%(0.96x0.98)
ElectricityGeneration 38%
36%(0.96x0.98x0.38)
TransportationElec 91%
33%
Lighting
Incandescent 5%
1.7%
Fluorescent 20%
6.6%
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

17

System Efficiency of an
Automobile
Step

Step Efficiency

Cumulative
Efficiency

ProductionofCrude 96%
96%
Refining
87%
84%
Transportation
97%
81%
ThermaltoMechE25%
20%
MechanicalEfficiency
Transmission 50%
10%
RollingEfficiency 20%
6.6%
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

18

Efficiency of a Space
Heater

Electricity =24%
FuelOil =53%
NaturalGas =70%
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

19

Heat Mover
Any device that
moves heat
"uphill", from a
lower
temperature to a
higher
temperature
reservoir.
Examples.
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

Heat pump.
20

Heat Pump Heating

Cycle

Source:http://energyoutlet.com/res/heatpump/pumping.html
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati
21

Heat Pump Cooling

Cycle

Source:http://energyoutlet.com/res/heatpump/pumping.html
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati
22

CoefficientofPerformance(C.O.P)

Effectivenessofaheatpumpisexpressedas
coefficientofperformance(C.O.P)

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

23

Example
Calculatetheidealcoefficientofperformance
(C.O.P.)Foranairtoairheatpumpusedto
maintainthetemperatureofahouseat70F
whentheoutsidetemperatureis30F.

EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

24

Solution Cont.
Thot=70F=21C=21+273=294K
Tcold=30F=1C=1+273=272K
C.O.P= 294
294272
=294
22
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

25

Consequences
For every watt of power used to
drive this ideal heat pump, 13.3 W
is delivered from the interior of the
house and 12.3 from the outside.
Theoretical maximum is never
achieved in practice This example
is not realistic. In practice, a C.O.P
in the range of 2 - 6 is typical.
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

26

More C.O.P.s
Comparetheidealcoefficientsof
performanceoftheofthesameheatpump
installedinMiamiandBuffalo.
Miami:Thot=70F,Tcold=40F
Buffalo:Thot=70F,Tcold=15F
Miami:Thot=294K,Tcold=277K
Bufalo:Thot=294K,Tcold=263K
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

27

Miami

Buffalo

= 294
(294277)
= 17.3
EGEE 102 - S. Pisupati

= 294
(294263)
= 9.5
28