DENT 5315/DH 2215

Dr. Sandra Myers

February 8, 2008

myers025@umn.edu

What are elephant tusks made of?

A. Enamel
B. Dentin
QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

C. Enamel & Dentin

D. Chalk
E. Marble

QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

Ectoderm & Enamel

Enamel:
an epithelially derived
protective covering for
the teeth
derived from ectoderm
Fig. 2-12 p. 26

Ectoderm & Enamel

What happens when ectoderm fails to form or form properly?

QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

Enamel & Amelogenesis

Enamel:
most highly mineralized
extracellular matrix
96% mineral
4% organic material & water

Enamel & Amelogenesis

A. Hard Tissue Formation

B. Amelogenesis
C. Structure of Enamel
D. Clinical Correlations

Hard Tissue Formation

Bell Stage

A.

Hard Tissue Formation

B.

Amelogenesis

C.

Structure of Enamel

D.

Clinical Correlations

Amelogenesis

3 Main Functional Stages: 1.

Presecretory
2. Secretory
3. Maturation
Presecretory Ameloblasts:
Differentiate (acquire phenotype)
Change polarity (nuclei)
Develop enamel synthesis apparatus
Morphodifferentiation (shape)
Histodifferentiation (microscopic)

Amelogenesis
Begins first at cusp tips
Then sweeps down crown slopes
Stops at CEJ

Amelogenesis - Secretory Stage

pcw = proximal cell web

dcw= distal cell web
cell webs hold cells in formation

Amelogenesis - Secretory Stage

Hallmarks:
Intense
synthetic & secretory activity
Secretion is continuous
Secretory granules not stored
Almost immediate mineralization
Initial layer does not contain rods
Enamel Matrix: Note Tomes processes
& picket-fence appearance.

Amelogenesis - Secretory Stage

IGS

= interrod, RGS = rod growth sites

sg
=
secretory granules,
ppTP
= proximal
dp
= distal portion of
Tomes process

Amelogenesis - Secretory Stage

Enamel crystals:
What are these composed of?

Initial enamel:
no
rods
pits filling with enamel

crystalline calcium phosphate

(hydroxyapatite) substituted with
carbonate ions

Enamel - Amelogenesis

(Note how trajectory of

enamel rods changes)

Amelogenesis - Life Cycle of Ameloblasts

Functional stages in life cycle of

ameloblasts:
1. Morphodifferentiation
2. Histodifferentiation
3. Secretory (initial)
4. Secretory (Tomes process)
5. Maturation (ruffle-ended)
6. Maturation (smooth-ended)
7. Protective

Amelogenesis - Maturation Stage

Maturation Process:
1. Removal of water & organic material
2. Introduction of additional inorganic material
Process = Modulation
cyclic creation, loss, and recreation of
highly invaginated ruffle-ended apical
surface on ameloblasts

Amelogenesis - Maturation Stage

Ameloblasts
incorporation
of inorganic
material

Ruffle-ended

Ameloblasts

exit of protein
fragments &
water

Smooth-ended

Amelogenesis - Maturation Stage

Ameloblast Modulation
(a visually dramatic activity)

regional pH variations
maturing enamel
(rat incisors)
Large bands = ruffle-ended cells
Smaller bands = smooth-ended cells

Amelogenesis - Maturation Stage

Enamel hardens before tooth erupts

Results from growth in width,
thickness of crystals
Amelogenesis slow process

almost mature
enamel,
most mineral
removed

Amelogenesis - Enamel Proteins

Enamel Proteins: (Table 7-2 text)

1. Contributing to appositional growth, thickness enamel
* Amelogenin (main protein in forming enamel)
* Ameloblastin
* Enamelin
2. Postsecretory processing & protein degradation
3. Related to basal lamina covering maturing, preeruptive enamel
4. Legacy proteins

Amelogenesis - Enamel Proteins

Amelogenin protein (stained red)

Ameloblasts

http://dentistry.uic.edu/CraniofacialGenetics/ResearchTED.htm

Amelogenesis - Enamel Proteins

Amelogenin

vs

Ameloblastin

Protective Stage

Full thickness of enamel

complete, enamel mature
Ameloblast layer & papillary layer
form reduced enamel epithelium

What is the enamel space?

Enamel - Structure

A.

Hard Tissue Formation

B.

Amelogenesis

C.

Structure of Enamel

D.

Clinical Correlations

Scanning Electron
Microscopy
R = Rod &
= Interrod Areas

IR

Enamel - Structure

Aapd.org/publications/peddent/

Note: rod, interrod crystals same, but divergent orientation

Enamel - Structure

Enamel:
hydroxyapatite crystals
Young Enamel

Transmission EM:
rod surrounded by
interrod enamel

Older Enamel

Enamel - Structure
Crystals

hexagonal
contour to
older mature
crystals

recently
formed thin
crystals

Enamel - Structure
Crystal Profiles

hexagons with
unequal-sided peaks
(un) & equal-sided
peaks (eq) x 300,000
(rat incisor)

Enamel - Structure
enamel rod orientation
A: alternating orientations

B: row arrangement

C: note thin, long apatite crystals

Enamel - Structure
rod sheath
rod sheath = boundary between rod & interrod enamel,
contains organic material

Cat Secretory Stage Enamel

Mature Cat Enamel

Enamel - Structure

3 Faces of an
Enamel Block

cross-section of rodinterrod area

appearance compared
to keyhole