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Nonproliferation
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for the U.S. Department of Energy
Managed by UT-Battelle
for the U.S. Department of Energy
The Statute
Article II - objective is to ensure that special
nuclear materials are only used for peaceful
purposes
Article III Functions:
Assistance with research and development of
nuclear energy
Technical exchange and collaboration
Training of scientists and engineers
Establish and administer safeguards of special
nuclear materials
Safety standards for peaceful atomic purposes
Managed by UT-Battelle
for the U.S. Department of Energy
Managed by UT-Battelle
for the U.S. Department of Energy
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for the U.S. Department of Energy
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Verification - NDA
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Accountancy - DA
International Safeguards
Article III of the NPT
Each non-nuclear weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes to accept
safeguards, as set forth in an agreement to be negotiated and concluded with the
International Atomic Energy Agency in accordance with the Statute of the IAEA
and the Agencys safeguards system, for the exclusive purpose of verification of the
fulfillment of its obligations assumed under this Treaty with a view to preventing
diversion of nuclear energy from peaceful uses to nuclear weapons or other nuclear
explosive devices. ()
International Safeguards
International Safeguards are:
Arrangements to account for and control
the use of nuclear materials
Verification is a key element in the
international system to ensure that
uranium in particular is used only for
peaceful purposes
Nuclear safeguards are a means of
reassurance whereby non-nuclear
weapons states demonstrate to others
that they are abiding by their peaceful
commitments
Specific objective is to verify whether
declared nuclear material remains
within the civil nuclear fuel cycle and
whether or not it is being used solely for
peaceful purposes
International Safeguards
Safeguards inspections
require that:
Operators of nuclear facilities
maintain and declare detailed
accounting records of all
movements and transactions
involving nuclear material
Records and the actual nuclear
material are audited
Inspections by the IAEA are
complemented by other
measures such as surveillance
cameras and instrumentation
International Safeguards
Problems 1980-90s
Iraq, Iran and North Korea illustrate both the strengths and
weaknesses of international safeguards.
While accepting safeguards at declared facilities, Iraq and
Iran had set up elaborate equipment elsewhere in an attempt
to enrich uranium to weapons grade.
North Korea attempted to use research reactors (not
commercial electricity-generating reactors) and a reprocessing
plant to produce some weapons-grade plutonium.
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for the U.S. Department of Energy
INFCIRC/540 (contd)
Agency responsibilities to protect sensitive information
National security
Commercially sensitive
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Managed by UT-Battelle
for the U.S. Department of Energy
Managed by UT-Battelle
for the U.S. Department of Energy
Technical Cooperation
Government agreements
Interagency reviewed and approved
Broad scope or focused effort
May require State governing body approvals
Not easily accomplished
Organizational agreements
Must be compliant with national rules and regulations
Require detail procedures at the organizational level
Are generally more focused to address specific
technologies
Academia
Fundamental research
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Summary
Nuclear nonproliferation efforts have been ongoing for
more than 50 years
The creation of the IAEA and enforcement of the NPT
emphasizes importance the international community places
on reducing the threat of nuclear weapons
170 States have safeguards agreements in force
89 have signed and ratified both a CSA and the AP
52 were verified to have no diversion of fissile materials and no
indication of undeclared nuclear material or activities
References
http://www.iaea.org/About/history_speech.html
http://www.iaea.org/About/statute.html
http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others
/infcirc153.pdf
http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/1997/i
nfcirc540c.pdf
Van Sickle, M., Kovacic, D., International Safeguards 101:
Introduction and Overview, January 2010
http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2002/sgarticle_02.sh
tml
Rauf, T., Drawing Safeguards Conclusions, Presentation to
the 2004 NPT Preparatory Committee, April 29, 2004
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for the U.S. Department of Energy