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MODELLING OF METAL

PERFORATED SHEET
FACADES
Coordinator :

Student : Moa Florin


Jsus Cuadrado Rojo

Abstract
Studies on thermal and radiation/heat flux or acoustic properties
have shown that these perforated facades apart from the pleasant
appearance should be used in order to maintain a balance between
adequate levels of development and use of available resources.
This study starts with the presumption that the advantages from
other studies (the ones mentioned above) are well-known , and
therefore structural resistance and behavior come into questioning,
and this where the project starts.

The project can be divided into several big parts :


Perforated plates tested for pressure
CFD simulation
Real test upon plates

Structural resistance of perforated


metal facades
1500X1000
(2)

1500X1500
(2)

1500x1000 15x15 1500x1500


e2
e2
1500x1000 15x301500x1500
e2
e2
1500x1000 15x451500x1500
e2
e2
1500x1000 30x151500x1500
e2
e2
1500x1000 30x30 1500x1500
e2
e2
1500x1000 30x451500x1500
e2
e2
1500x1000 45x15 1500x1500
e2
e2
1500x1000 45x301500x1500
e2
e2

3000X1000
(2)

3000X1500
(2)

2000X1250
(1,5)

15x15 3000x1000 15x15 3000x1500 15x15 2000x1250


e2
e2
e1,5
15x30 3000x1000 15x30 3000x1500 15x30 2000x1250
e2
e2
e1,5
15x45 3000x1000 15x45 3000x1500 15x45 2000x1250
e2
e2
e1,5
30x15 3000x1000 30x15 3000x1500 30x15 2000x1250
e2
e2
e1,5
30x30 3000x1000 30x30 3000x1500 30x30 2000x1250
e2
e2
e1,5
30x45 3000x1000 30x45 3000x1500 30x45 2000x1250
e2
e2
e1,5
45x15 3000x1000 45x15 3000x1500 45x15 2000x1250
e2
e2
e1,5
45x30 3000x1000 45x30 3000x1500 45x30 2000x1250
e2
e2
e1,5
1500x1000 45x451500x1500 45x45 3000x1000 45x45 3000x1500 45x45 2000x1250
e2
e2
e2
e2
e1,5

2000X1250
(2)

2000X1250
(2,5)

15x15 2000x1250 15x15 2000x1250 15x15


e2
e2,5
15x30 2000x1250 15x30 2000x1250 15x30
e2
e2,5
15x45 2000x1250 15x45 2000x1250 15x45
e2
e2,5
30x15 2000x1250 30x15 2000x1250 30x15
e2
e2,5
30x30 2000x1250 30x30 2000x1250 30x30
e2
e2,5
30x45 2000x1250 30x45 2000x1250 30x45
e2
e2,5
45x15 2000x1250 45x15 2000x1250 45x15
e2
e2,5
45x30 2000x1250 45x30 2000x1250 45x30
e2
e2,5
45x45 2000x1250 45x45 2000x1250 45x45
e2
e2,5

= 1392,865
Wind speed= 37,321= 134.36 km/h
We can observe that this wind speed overpasses the number 12 on Beaufort
scale which means that the perforated plates were tested for strong winds.
The other conversions from wind pressure to wind velocity:
450 Pa = 95.004 km/h
1350 Pa = 164.55 km/h
1800 Pa = 190.01 km/h

The material that was used for these simulation is Steel DX 51D with the
following properties:
Youngs Modulus: 210 GPa
Tensile Yield Strength: 140 MPa
Tensile Ultimate Strength: 270 MPa

Data acquisition :

we can see the differences between plates with the same dimensions (length and width)
but of different thicknesses 1,5 ; 2; 2,5 millimeters.

Here we have the


maximum stress points
, that always appear for
the fixed support and in
the corner of the plates
meaning that these are
the most stressed
zones for the pressure
that is applied.

Conclusions

Using the above diagrams we can draw some conclusions:

The increase in size of the bended parts improves the decrease of deformation
Using double bended sides could be a plus referring to the decreasing of

deformation but a minus in economical thinking


The position of the support affects the stress that the support takes along with
the deformation that the perforated plates have
The area on which the plates are supported also play a big part in maximum
stress control.
The thickness of the plates also affects the deformation and stress upon them
The material used is important as from economical reasons but also from
structural ones
The perforated plates were tested for a pressure of 900 Pa, but some were also
tested for 450 Pa, 1350 Pa, 1800 Pa, which in terms of wind speed represents
134.36 km/h and referring to Beaufort scale , it exceeds the last category
presented in the table
The fact that the open area of these plates is of 40.3% and that the applied
pressure is on the solid parts and taking into account that there is a pressure
drop because of the holes , it means that the plates were tested for a slightly
higher wind speed than the equivalent of the pressure

CFD Tests
In order to obtain data of wind behavior , turbulences that
occur between the metal perforated faade and the wall ,
pressure upon the plate for a given wind velocity , several
simulations were made in Ansys Fluent .
The solver used for these simulations is a pressure-based solver.
The pressure-based solver employs an algorithm which belongs to a
general class of methods called the projection methodIn the
projection method, wherein the constraint of mass conservation
(continuity) of the velocity field is achieved by solving a pressure (or
pressure correction) equation. The pressure equation is derived from
the continuity and the momentum equations in such a way that the
velocity field, corrected by the pressure, satisfies the continuity.
Since the governing equations are nonlinear and coupled to one
another, the solution process involves iterations wherein the entire
set of governing equations is solved repeatedly until the solution

a acquisition :

Conclusions
All the simulations
made have similar
behavior for air velocity,
pressure upon plate and
walls and turbulence
because all them were
modeled with
approximately the same
open area (which derives
from holes size) around
35 %.

test was made on


two different metal perforated
facades one
Real Ametal
perforated
facades
from steel and one from aluminum and 1500 x 1000 mm , with 1,5
mm thickness that were provided
by the RMIG .
test
[1]

[2]

The tests were made in a laboratory of the University of Basque


Country.
Several bitumen sheets were used to simulate the pressure on
the perforated plates, with a nominal area density of 4 kg/m2 but as
well see below , because of the porous material that bitumen is
made of , the sheets varied under or above this nominal value .
The bitumen sheets
wereArea
placed
in theEquivalent
center on
the metal
Dimensions
Weight
Density
of
(mm)
(kg/m
) margins
kgf to
perforated
plates , 150 (kg)
mm away from
the
onPaboth parts.
2

1205 x 1000

4,984

4,1361

40,56128099585
062
1194 x1000
5,002
4,1892
41,08280008375
209
1200 x 1000
4,981
4,1508
40,70576970833
333
1162 x1040
4,891
4,0472
39,62160087067
142
1200 x 1000
5,021
4,1841
41,03265804166
667
4,827
4.1250
40,45871756410
[1]
The exact 1170
material x
for1000
both of the metal plates
is unknown
[2]
256 industry.
RMIG is the largest perforating company in the world and has over a century's experience in the perforation
1163 x 1000
4,828
4.1513
40,71066741186
586

The steel perforated faade had a weight of 12.325 kg


and the aluminum one 4.249 kg.
Both of them had double bended sides (30 x 15) on the length
of the plate and no bended sides on the width , which will
affect the deflection of the plates. Also the support was
positioned at 100 mm from the edges on a 50 mm long
rectangular.(see fig. 55)
The plates have round holes of 5 mm diameter with a
triangular pitch of 8 mm , resulting in an open area of 35,4
% ; 15 mm margin on the length and 10 mm margin on the
width of the plate
As supports there were used 4 x T shaped metal profiles
with 4 x L shaped metal profiles were connected with a screw
(bonded connection) , and the T supports were fixed into the
concrete blocks with 4 screws .
The L shaped metal profile was attached to the second
bended side with a screw of 5 mm diameter (fig.49)
An L shaped bar was used to hold the 4 potentiometers
in position as seen in fig. 50.
The tests stopped at 7 bitumen sheets for the steel plate
and for the aluminum plate at 2 bitumen sheets because of
Two blocks of concrete one on top of the other were used to
the large deflection , which, if the test was continued , the lift the perforated plates above the ground.
data could not be collected given the potentiometers used.

The potentiometers were connected


to a machine which was connected
to a laptop that gathered the data.

The deflection caused by


gravity, before the test began,
is :
Steel plate: 16,5 mm
Aluminum plate : 22 mm

Deformation for Steel perforated facade


80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10

Deformation for Aluminum perforated facade


60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10

Conclusions

The two metal perforated facades have almost the same deflection for 7 sheets (equivalent of 284,173Pa) steel - and for 2 sheets (equivalent of 81,644
Pa) aluminum which means that the Youngs modulus plays a big part for material properties:
- 210 GPa for standard Steel
- 70 GPa for standard Aluminum
Also the fact that the plates dont have bended parts along their width increases the deflection as seen in the pictures above

Simulation Model
A quarter of the full size of the plate
was made in Autodesk Inventor with
the same specifications , 5 mm
diameter holes with 8 mm triangular
pitch and double bended sides along
their length 30 x 15 mm.

Because of the non-linear


behavior an simulation with
large deflection was attempted ,
but the deflection was not
similar to the real test model ,
because the exact properties of
the material were unknown.
With a simulation that
didnt take into account the
deflection would be almost
symmetrical on both axes
which is not the case in the
real test , this why the nonlinear behavior is more
adequate.

To combine these two simulations , a linear buckling module had to be used along with other
modules
But within the given time such simulation was possible because of computational reasons.
Another test was attemped , this time with a full imperforated plate , but the studies that have
been made for making an equivalent between imperforated and perforated plates- taking into
account the volume flow rate of the air are inexactly.
From other studies that I have searched , to get an equivalent between the two plates , the
material properties need to be changed along with changes of the applied pressure taking into
account the flow rate and pressure drop upon the given plates.

Apart from every chapters conclusion some overall statements need to be made.
When thinking of using as a facade metal perforated plates the following need to be taken into
consideration:
Properties of the material
Size of the metal perforated plates

The cost of the materials used

Although adding a bit more material by using bended side for the metal perforated plates , the
behavior of these plates changes a lot giving less deformation , less stress along with less strain .
A bigger support area along with right positioning of the support also contribute to less
deformation , but more to the stress control upon the plate, by decreasing it.

Thank you!

Questions?

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