Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
SAMPLING
METHODS
What is research?
Research is an organised and systematic way of
benefits
Theory, assumptions, background literature
Variables and hypotheses
Operational definitions and measurement
Research design and methodology
Sampling methods
Data analysis
Interpretations, Recommendations & Conclusions,
3
SAMPLING
A sample is a smaller (but hopefully
Why sample?
Resources (time, money) and workload
Gives results with known accuracy that can be
calculated mathematically
SAMPLING
Can you study the entire population?
What is your population of interest?
To whom do you want to generalize your
results?
All doctors
School children
Indians
Women aged 15-45 years
Others
5
SAMPLING.
3 factors that influence sample representative-
ness
Sampling procedure
Sample size
Participation (response)
SAMPLING.
STUDY POPULATION
SAMPLE
TARGET POPULATION
Sampling
methods
8
PROBABILITY
SAMPLES
2.
(strata)
Total
Population
enrolled
300
250
250
200
1000
30%
25%
25%
20%
Equal
allocation
100
100
100
100
n =400
120
(30%)
100
(25%)
100
(25%)
80
(20%)
n=400
Proportional
allocation
STRATIFIED SAMPLING.
Draw a sample from each stratum
12
Multi-stage sampling
Used in large-scale (nationwide) surveys
There are several levels in the sampling
Each level has some sampling error
Example:
Pick regions of the country
Then a sample of cities within regions
A sample of schools within cities
Pick a grade level (or a sample of levels)
Classrooms
Students
Systematic sampling
SYSTEMATIC
SAMPLING
15
Sequential sampling
One can go on taking
NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLES
Snowball sampling
Network sampling
A hidden population
Hard to contact
Purposive / Deliberate
sampling
This
Quota sampling
Convenience sampling
Event sampling
Event Sampling Methodology
(ESM)
A new form of sampling method
Allows researchers to study
Questions???
23