Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Gangadhara K.
I PhD
2012-21-125
BRINJAL
Botanical name: Solanum melongena
Family: Solanaceae
Chromosome no 2n = 24
Origin: India
Common name: egg plant
Purple variety has higher copper content and polyphenol oxidase activity
where as iron and catalase activity is the highest in the green cultivars.
Amino acid content is higher in purple variety.
Taxonomy
Brinjal belongs to the family Solanaceae and is known under the botanical
name Solanum melongena L.
The family contains 75 genera and over 2000 species, out of which, about 150200 are tuber bearing and belong to section Tuberarium. The majority of species
(about 1800) are non tuber bearing. Cytological studies have indicated that
basic chromosomal number 2n = 24 is same in almost all the varieties and
species.
There are 3 main botanical varieties under the species melongena (Choudhury,
1976a). The common brinjal, to which large, round or egg shaped fruited forms
belong, are grouped under var. esculentum. The long, slender types are included
under var. serpentinum and the dwarf brinjal plants are put under var.
depressum.
Floral biology
Brinjal flowers are large, violet coloured and solitary or in clusters of two
or more. Flower consists of calyx: sepals 5, united, persistent; corolla: petals
5, united, usually cup shaped; Androecium : stamens 5, alternate with corolla;
Gynoecium: carpels are united, ovary superior.
In most varieties the perfect flowers are borne singly and opposite the
leaves.
Anthesis
starts in morning by7am and continuous till noon. Stigma becomes receptive
after 2hrs of flower opening. Anther dehiscence is not uniform. Stigma
receptivity and pollen viability last for 2-3 hrs.
Adaptations
a) For self pollination
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
Pollination
Brinjal is usually self-pollinated, but the extent of cross-pollination has been
reported as high as 48% and hence it is classified as cross-pollinated crop.
The cone-like formation of anthers favours self pollination; but since the
stigma ultimately projects beyond the anthers, there is an ample opportunity
for cross-pollination.
The rates of natural cross-pollinationmay vary depending on genotype,
location, and insect activity.
Long styled flowers: they have a big ovary, stigma is swollen, long
anthers.
b)
Medium styled flowers: it has medium, long style, anthers are of same
length, ovary is also medium sized.
c)
d)
Only long style and medium style flowers will set fruits. Entire plant surface
is covered by hairy layer called tomentum
Long
Styled
Medium
styled
Short
styled
Genetics of characters
Fruit shape 3 genes- Round shape is partially dominant to long oval
Prickly nature- monogenic prickly is dominant to non prickly
Fruit Clusterness- monogenic Clusternees is partially dominant to
solitary
Fruit size- monogenic large fruit size is partially dominant to small fruit
size
Fruit colour- monogenic Purple is dominant to green
BREEDING OBJECTIVES:
1. High yield
2. Earliness
3. Fruit shape, size and colour as per consumers preference
4. Low proportion of seed
5. Soft flesh
6. Upright study plant free from lodging.
7. Resistance to diseases like bacterial wilt, blights.
8. Resistance to insects like shoot and fruit borer, jassids etc.
Breeding methods
1. Introduction: This method may be useful in other countries but not
to India.
2. Pure line selection: e.g., Pusa Purple long, Co.1, Arka Sheel, A.
Kusumakar, A. Shirish etc.
3. Pedigree selection: Many varieties have been developed through
hybridization and subsequent pedigree selection. e.g., Pusa Kranti,
Pusa Anmol, Hissar Shyamal, Hissar Jamun etc
4. Heterosis breeding: Many F1 hybrids have been developed and
released for commercial cultivation. e.g., Arka Navneet, Kaveri
Fruits and shoot borer i.e. Leucinodes orbonalis being the most destructive
pest in brinjal crop, efforts have been made to develop insect resistance
brinjal varieties by incorporating cry1Ac gene in brinjal from a bacterium
mainly Bacillus thuringiensis, commonly known as Bt brinjal.
The technology has been also transferred to Institute of Plant Breeding of the
University of Philippines. National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology
(NRCPB), New Delhi has also developed
Shoot damage
Fruit Damage
F1 hybrids
Small fruited- MHB10, ABH-2, Hybrid-2, Arura
Round fruited Pusa hybrid seeds, NDB- Hybrid-1.
Long fruited Pusas Hybrid 5, Panth Hybrid 1, ARU 1,
A. Navaneet
Resistant to Phomopsis
blight
4. S. sisymbrifolium
5. S. torvum
6. S. khasianum
7. S. incanum X S. melongena
8.
S. incanum X S. indicum
CROP
DISEASE
RESISTANT/TOL
ORGANIZATION
Bacterial wilt
Pusa Purple
Cluster
Pant Samrat, Pant
Rituraj, Pant
Brinjal Hybrid
Arka Kesav, Arka
Nidhi and Arka
Neelkanth
IIHR, Bangalore
Pusa Bhairav
KAU
College of Horticulture, Varieties
Vellanikkara
Swetha
28
Thank you