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The Cell Cycle

Where a cell exists, there must have
been a preexisting cell, just as an
animal arises only from an animal and
the plant only from a plant.
- R. Virchow 1855

The role of cell division

Asexual Reproduction
Involves

the distribution of
identical genetic material (DNA) to
two daughter cells.
Prokaryotic cells = Binary fission
Eukaryotic cells = Mitosis

Cellular organization of
genetic material
Genome: a cells endowment of DNA, or its
genetic information.
When cell is not dividing DNA is tangled mass
called chromatin
At cell division, chromatin condenses and are
now visible as chromosomes.
Prokaryotic Cells: single long continuous DNA
molecule
Eukaryotic Cells: Many linear DNA molecules,
each chromosome is one continuous DNA
molecule though

Eukaryotic chromosomes
determine cell type
Every eukaryotic species has a
characteristic number of chromosomes
in each cells nucleus.
Types of cells based on chromosome #
Diploid: (2n) cells that have two sets of
each chromosome (homologous pairs)

Found in somatic cells (Body cells) of

eukaryotes (few exceptions)
Humans 2n=46, crayfish 2n=200

Cell Type Based on

Chromosome #
Haploid:

(n) cells that have one of

each pair of chromosomes
Many eukaryotic organisms these are
the gametes (sex cells)
Humans n=23, crayfish n=100

In order for cells to asexually

divide they must retain their
specific chromosome number
Chromosomes

must be copied
before cells divide

Sister chromatids= each one

connected at centromere.

Distribution of
Chromosomes
During
Eukaryotic cell
division

QOD
1.

2.
3.

Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series

of five cell divisions would produce an early
embryo with how many cells?
How many chromatids are in a duplicated
chromosome?
A chicken has 78 chromosomes in its somatic
cells; how many chromosomes did the chicken
inherit from each parent? How many
chromosomes are in each of the chicken's
gametes? How many chromosomes will be in
each somatic cell of the chicken's offspring?
How many chromosomes are in a set?

Answers
1) 32 cells
2) 2
3) 39; 39; 78; 39

The cell cycle

Has 2 over-all stages
1. Interphase: Majority of cells life has 3
phases
G1 = metabolic activity (photosynthesis,
respiration, transcription/translation)
S = DNA replication Chromatin sister
chromatids
G2 = preparation cell division (centrioles)
2.

M stage: entire cell division (includes

mitosis or meiosis and Cytokinesis)
Mitosis = nuclear division, including
contents (DNA)
Cytokinesis = Division of organelles,
cytoplasm, and plasma membrane

Phases of Mitosis

Phases of Mitosis

Cytokinesis In Plants and

Animals

Plant Mitosis

Prokaryotic
Cell
Division:
Binary
Fission

QOD
1.

During which stages of a cell cycle would a

chromosome consist of two identical chromatids?

2.

Compare cytokinesis in animal cells and plant

cells.

3.

Identify three similarities between bacterial

chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes,
considering both structure and behavior during
cell division.

Control of the Cell Cycle

Series of checkpoints along the cell cycle
that coordinates key events.
Like a washers timing device
Checkpoint:
A critical control point in the cell cycle
where stop and goahead signals can
regulate stages of the cycle.
Three Check Points:
G1, G2, M
G 0 phase: A nondividing state in which
a cell has left the cell cycle.

Enzymes control the

signaling at each checkpoint
These regulatory molecules are proteins of two
main types: Kinases and cyclins.
Kinases: give the goahead signals at the G1
and G2 checkpoints.

present at a constant concentration in the growing

cell, but much of the time they are in an inactive
form
cyclindependent kinase (Cdk)
A protein kinase that is active only when attached to
a particular cyclin.

Cyclin: To be active, kinase must be attached

to a cyclin; a protein that gets its name from
its cyclically fluctuating concentration in the
cell.

Enzymes control the

signaling at each checkpoint
MPF:

Maturationpromoting factor
(Mphase promoting factor) a
protein complex required for a cell
to progress from late interphase to
mitosis.

Consists of a cyclin and a kinase

bound into 40 structure.

checkpoint

The Lack
of Cyclin at
G1 is the
go signal
for the G1
checkpoint

Cancer
Mistakes

in the control mechanism

of cell cycle which result in
uncontrolled cell division.