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Introduction
Historical Basis
Source
Industry Transport
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
89%
2%
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
37%
46%
Carbon Monoxide
12%
75%
Fine Particulates (PM10s) 59%
26%
Lead
18%
78%
Benzene
20%
67%
1,3-Butadiene
13%
77%
Volatile Organic Compounds53%
29%
Source: National Air Quality Strategy, DETR
Other
9%
17%
13%
15%
4%
13%
10%
18%
1983 Germany
implemented Federal
Imissions Control Act
(BImSchG), leads in ten
years to a 89% reduction
of SO2, driven by high
awareness of
environmental damage to
forests.
Implementation of Desulphurisation in
Germany
Gives access on
pollution emissions of 50
pollutants from approx.
12,000 IPPC facilities in
the EU. Updated every 3
years.
http://www.eper.cec.eu.int
/eper/
Threshold
(1,000 kg/a)
Release
(1,000 kg/a)
CO2
100,000
108,000
CO
500
31
NOx
100
47
PM10
50
SO2
150
Trace
Economic Considerations
Need to carefully consider economic
considerations before initiating upgrade projects.
Dash for Gas adopted by UK and Ireland:
Fuel costs:
Socio-economic factors:
Newer CCGT power stations will help but state owned power
supplier ESB is protesting about the costs that could occur.
Over 650 MW of wind generation installed on Irish grid, average
output for April 07 was 132 MW we need our LCPs!!!!
What is UK doing?
History of opposition to the LCP Directive as
extensive Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) would
be required to existing coal plants supplying 65%
of electricity in 1989.
Liberalisation of electricity market with resultant
fuel switching; construction of CCGTs and
increase in nuclear power. Currently:
Gas: 39%
New Developments
Summary
Justification is strong for the considerable
investment required to upgrade or replace LCPs.
Approach taken by Member States has differed,
from going nuclear (France), going gas (UK and
Ireland), or major retrofitting to existing coal fired
generation (Germany).
Future trend is that even tighter controls are
technically feasible and will be sought by EU.
New Developments