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Analysis
Module Code: MMH213159
Background: Energy
Accounting
Energy accounting can be simple or complex,
but it must be tailored to your needs by
Understanding how energy is used, you can
identify and prioritise energy management
activities
An awareness campaign and an aggressive
operation and maintenance plan
Can help cut cost without expensive
investment in technology
Energy accounting,
purpose
Energy accounting is a formal process of
providing long-term organisation and
monitoring
of
utility
cost
and
consumption data for a facility. It is also
useful to track energy use and demand at
equipment level
Gain the attention of senior management
by increasing their understanding of
efficient operation as part of asset
management.
Evaluation of energy
consumption
The energy auditor starts at the utility meter
to locate all energy sources coming into the
facility then;
Identify the energy stream for each fuel into
discrete functions (e.g natural gas, etc..)
Evaluate the efficiency of each of those
functions
Identify the energy and cost saving
opportunities
Energy Consumption
World energy consumption has risen by 45% since
1980 and it is projected to be 70% higher by 2030
Industry and commercialbuildings, on the other
hand account for more than half of energy
consumption today.
Energy Efficiency is the quickest, cheapest and
cleanest way to reduce energy consumption and
achieve greenhouse gas emission to meet Kyoto
targets.
Energy Consumption
The World Energy Council (WEC)
predicts that 70% of this growth will
be as a result population and
economic
growth
in
developing
countries (WEC 2011), with only 30%
coming from countries under the
Organisation
for
Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD),
considered as developed economies.
Definition: Energy
Consumption
Energy consumption is expressed
in
kilowatts hours (kWh) and can be
defined as the power (kW) consumed
by an appliance in a particular period
of time (hours), (Shubert and Leyba,
2009). Mathematically it can be
expressed as;
E=PT
Energy Consumption
According to a report produced by Jennic in December
2009, the efficient use of energy has become a global
need.
The climate change has also forced to over-ride the
motivation of using the electricity smartly.
Moreover, increase in the price of energy and
reduction in fuel (coal and oil) has increased the
demand for revaluation of energy consumption.
This has led to the concept of smart energy (SE).
Smart energy is clever approach to the efficient use of
energy. It is a methodology which should be adopted
by the user and the energy provider. Using the home
Collect copies of all monthly utility bills and delivered fuel invoices
Sort utility bills by building, organise them into 12 month blocks
using metre reading dates
Locate all the metres and sub-metres in each site/building
Determine the space being served by each metre
Calculate the condition area (S.q/F.t) for each building
Obtain historical energy data to establish a baseline year (obtained
this from utility bill company
Obtain degree day data (from utility company or met office)
Year
Sample energy
accounting form
Natural Gas
Total
Gas
Gas
(B)
Electri Elect Electri Electric
Usage
Unit
Gas
(A)
Cost
Days Electric c
ric
c Unit MMBtu
in
Gas Cost
MMBtu MMBtu of
in
Usage Deman Cost Cost KwHx.0 Load Therm Cost $/Ther Therms Consum Ener
Month Billing in kWh d kW $
$/kWh 03413 Factor s
$
ms
/x.10 ed
gy
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Nov
Annual
Total
Energy Use
Index
Electricity
(C) EUI
Btu/Sq.
Ft
(D) Cost
$/Sq.Ft
Electric Demand
Care should be taken to distinguish between billing and actual
demand on the utility bill
Actual demand is the figure registered on the meter and
should be used to analyse power requirement and load factor
Billing demand is the amount of demand for which the facility
is actually billed (the figure may be different from the actual
demand due to the various schedule rates).
The rate schedules; include ratchet clause, power factor
adjustment at no charge and can cause billing and demand
difference. A more detailed structure will be discussed later
(under utility bills)
Electricity Costs
The Kwh, kW and power factor charges separately and can be used
for evaluating the impact of demand and power factor
High demand cost can be lowered by alternating run times of the pieces
of equipment
The demand and power factor measures saves little energy, the
significant cost saving and relatively short payback periods makes them
attractive measures to include in audit analysis
Load Factor
A measure of electrical efficiency of a
facility can be found by calculating the
load factor
It is the relationship between the peak rate
of consumption to the total consumption
for the period. For electricity, it is the
relationship between kWh and kW demand
and the ideal load factor is always close to
1.0.
kWh
Load Factor
kW Number of hours
Exercise 1
What is the load factor for a
continuously operating facility that
consumed 800,000 kWh of energy
during a 30 day billing period and
establish the peak demand of 2000
kW?
Electricity Consumption
The graph above shows the upward and downward trends in kWh
Consumption Trends
To evaluate consumption trend data,
watch for upward and downward trends
in kWh, demand, natural gas or costs
Another useful method is the Rolling 12month method, where the monthly data
is as a rolling summary, the new 12
month total is calculated each month by
dropping the oldest month and adding
the new month.
Increase Consumption
Once the end user profiles have been estimated the auditor will
use this information to develop an initial list of potential Energy
Conservation Measures (ECMs). The most common ECMs found
in buildings typically fall into the following categories.
Building Operations
Lighting Systems
HVAC Systems
HVAC Distribution Systems
Energy Management Systems
Building Envelope
Power Systems
Water Heating Systems
Heat Recovery Opportunities
Range
Norm
(%)
(%)
45 to 65
65
10 to 20
15
5 to 10
7
2 to 5
3
0 to 20
10
Range
(%)
40 to 50
17 to 24
Norm
(%)
45
20
10 to 15
8 to 14
12
12
Range Norm
(%)
(%)
45 to
65
50
20 to
30
25
15 to
25
20
Lighting
Special Functions (lights,
elevator, general power, security
lights, refrigeration, cooking)
5 to 10
Range Norm
(%)
(%)
40 to
70
60
20 to
50
30
HVAC
Special Functions (lights,
An ECM may be realised earlier by implementing
operation
andpower,
maintenance
(O&M) measures
elevator,
general
security
or incorporating available technologies through
the installation
of ECM.
lights,
refrigeration,
cooking)
5 to 20 10
8 to 12
10
Building Operations
Huge amount of energy is wasted in building because equipment are
operated improperly or unnecessarily.
When a building is not occupied the building or operation systems
should be turned off or reduced to a minimum
The following systems can be curtailed during unoccupied periods :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
HVAC systems
Water heating systems
Lighting systems
Escalators and elevators
Other equipment and machineries
Lighting Systems
Account for a significant portion of electricity
consumption in commercial building
Energy is saved and electric demand can be
reduced by reducing the illumination levels,
efficiency, curtailing operating hours.
Reduction of lighting energy can increase the
building heating, since inter-heat gain is
reduced
HVAC Systems
It is made up of energy conversion equipment, which
transforms electrical or chemical energy to thermal
energy, and distribution and ventilation system which
transport the thermal energy and supply fresh
outdoor air to the conditioned space.
Energy is saved in HVAC by reducing ventilation,
improving performance space conditioning
equipment such as boilers, chillers, air conditioners
and heat pumps, using energy efficent cooling
system and reducing the occurrence of re-heating or
re-cooling
HVAC Distribution
Systems
Energy Management
Control System (EMCS)
Energy can be saved by automating EMCS.
EMCS can efficiently control, air conditioning,
heating, ventilation and other equipment
It select the optimum equipment operating
times and set-points as a function of
demand, time, weather condition, occupancy
and cooling requirements.
Building Envelope
The primary methods of reducing heat exchange
through roofs, walls, floors, ceilings is by adding
insulation
To control or reduce heat gain through the roof or
glazing area
Installation of storm windows, multiple glazed
windows, low glazed windows will also reduce heat
conduction and long wave radiation through glazing
areas
Power Systems
Power factor correction are cost effective when utility
penalties are imposed
Peak power demand can be reduced by load shedding,
cogeneration or cool storage system that produce cold
water or ice during off peak
Determine the building demand profile, several weeks of 15minute interval data should be taken/recorded with a meter.
Measurement should be both in the cooling and heating
season
Heat Recovery
Opportunities
Heat reclaim system can be used to reduce energy
consumption, as well as peak power demand when
applied properly
The effectiveness depends on the quantity and
temperature of heat available for recovery
Opportunities for recovery exist when there is a
need to reject constant supply of high temperature
liquid such as air, water or refrigerant
Industrial Audit
opportunities
The audit process determines the amount of energy required for each
process function and identifies conservation opportunities . Several
audit are required to construct industrial energy use The first two
are;
1. Envelop Audit
2. Functional Audit
Both of these audit are similar to the audit in commercial buildings
but the focus of the improvement may vary vastly.
For example: in an industrial plant the envelop may not be well
insulated but the plant may be very thermally heavy. Adding
insulation may hinder the ability to reject excess heat.
Functional Audit
This audit determines
the amount of energy
required for particular
building functions and
identifies energy
conservation
opportunities in the
office plant HVAC
systems etc..similar to
commercial buildings
Heating
Base load
Air conditioning
Base load
January
December
January
December
Electric
ity
Diesel
Oil
Gasolin
e
Natural
Gas
30%
3000 MMBtu
Electricity
49%
12%
1200 MMBtu
Diesel Oil
13%
8%
800 MMBtu
Gasoline
9%
50%
5000 MMBtu
Natural Gas
29%
50,000.00
12,500.00
8,500.00
29,000.00
The chart show a typical example of energy use in an industrial plant. It is important
To account for the cost and how energy is used within the plant.
Energy Distribution
Profile
The chart show how much energy is used for each function such as lighting, process,
building, plant heating and process ventilation
Steam Distribution
Profile
STEAM
100%
Building Heat
30%
The chart shows the distribution of steam by function. The nodal diagram illustrate
an alternative representation of the steam distribution profile. These diagrams can
also assist the auditor in explanation of energy flow and efficiency improvement
strategies
Percent
(%)
24
2
2
2
30
30
20
10
5
5
70
Percent
(%)
21.5
1.6
1.4
1.8
26.3
49
10.6
4.1
3.3
2
1.8
1.8
1.1
73.7
Summary
An important part of the overall audit program is to be able to determine
where you are going
Establish benchmarks to determine a realistic estimate of potential energy
savings, disaggregate energy use into discrete functions, establish
baseline to compare post- retrofit energy usage and calculate energy
savings
Gathering and organising data information as part of the audit process
Monitor production efficiency and answer question posed by plant
engineers. Such questions are
THANK YOU
QUESTIONS?