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Interconnection of pathways
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Connection of Pathways
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ATP is generated by oxidation of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids ; common
intermediate -> acetyl CoA ; electron carrier -> NADH and FADH 2
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Synthesis and degradation pathways almost always separated -> Compartmentation !!!
Glucose is fuel for human brain -> consumes 120g/day -> 60-70 % of utilization of glucose
in starvation -> ketone bodies can replace glucose
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Blood-Glucose
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1. Postabsorptive state
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3. Refed State
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Prolonged Starvation
Well-fed 70 kg human -> fuel reserves about 161,000 kcal
-> energy needed for a 24 h period -> 1600 kcal - 6000 kcal
-> sufficient reserves for starvation up to 1 3 months
-> however glucose reserves are exhausted in 1 day
Even under starvation -> blood-glucose level must be above 40 mg/100 ml
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Prolonged Starvation
First priority -> provide sufficient glucose to brain and other tissues that are dependent on it
Second priority -> preserve protein -> shift from utilization of glucose to utilization of fatty acids +
ketone bodies
-> mobilization of TAG in adipose tissues + gluconeogenesis by liver -> muscle shift from glucose to
fatty acids as fuel
After 3 days of starvation -> liver forms large amounts of ketone bodies (shortage of oxaloacetate) ->
released into blood -> brain and heart start to use ketone bodies as fuel
After several weeks of starvation -> ketone bodies major fuel of brain
After depletion of TAG stores -> proteins degradation accelerates -> death due to loss of heart, liver,
and kidney function
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Mobilization at Starvation
Also at not
treated
diabetes
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Obesity
In the U. S. -> about 70% of adults are suffering from obesity (2009)
Risk factor for: Diabetes + Cardiovascular diseases
Cause of Obesity -> more food consumed than needed -> storage of energy as fat
Two important signals for caloric homeostasis and appetite control -> insulin + leptin
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Leptin is a hormone
that is produced in
direct proportion
to fat mass
(adipocytes)
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High Levels of Leptin and Insulin are a Signal for caloric homeostasis
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Storage
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Extra exercise
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Production of heat
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Acetaldehyde + NADH
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Cortisol:
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Epinephrine -> Signals Stress -> requires activity -> Fighting or Fleeing
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