Classnotes

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Masonry
Masonry Structures
Structures

Lessons 4 and 5: Lateral Strength and Behavior of URM Shear Walls

flexural strength, shear strength, stiffness, perforated shear walls

Notes Prepared by:

Daniel P. Abrams
Willett Professor of Civil Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

October 7, 2004
Masonry Structures, slide 1

Existing URM Buildings

Masonry Structures, slide 2

Damage to Parapets

1996 Urbana Summer

1994 Northridge Earthquake, Filmore

Masonry Structures, slide 3

Damage Can Be Selective

1886 Charleston, South Carolina

Masonry Structures, slide 4

Damage to Corners

1994 Northridge Earthquake, LA

Masonry Structures, slide 5

Damage to In-Plane Walls

1994 Northridge Earthquake, Hollywood

URM cracked pier, Hollywood

Masonry Structures, slide 6

Damage to Out-of-Plane Walls

1886 Charleston, South Carolina

1996 Yunnan Province Earthquake, Lijiang Masonry Structures, slide 7

Likely Consequences

St. Louis Firehouse

1999 Armenia, Colombia Earthquake

Masonry Structures, slide 8

2001 Bhuj Earthquake

Masonry Structures, slide 9

Lateral Strength of URM Shear Walls

Masonry Structures, slide 10

URM Shear Walls

P3

H3

Pb = Pi

Pi

i=1

Hi

Vb = H i

P1

H1

i =1

diagonal
tension crack

hi

flexural
compression
cracks

flexural
tension
crack

Mb

Pb

M b = H i hi
i =1

Vb

Ref: BIA Tech. Note 24C The Contemporary Bearing Wall - Introduction to Shear Wall Design
NCMA TEK 14-7 Concrete Masonry Shear Walls
Masonry Structures, slide 11

URM Shear Walls

Design Criteria
(a) allowable flexural tensile stress: -fa + fb < Ft
Ft given in UBC 2107.3.5 (Table 21 - I); Ft = 0 per MSJC Sec. 2.2.3.2
pg. cc-35 of MSJC Commentary reads: Note, no values for allowable tensile stress
are given in the Code for in-plane bending because flexural tension in walls should be
carried by reinforcement for in-plane bending.

(b) allowable axial and flexural compressive stress:

MSJC Sec. 2.2.3.1 and UBC 2107.3.4 unity formula:

fa fb

1.0
Fa Fb

where:
Fa = allowable axial compressive stress (UBC 2107.3.2 or MSJC 2.2.3)
Fb = allowable flexural compressive stress = 0.33 fm (UBC 2107.3.3 or MSJC 2.2.3)

Masonry Structures, slide 12

Allowable Tensile Stresses, Ft

MSJC Table 2.2.3.2 and UBC Table 21-I
Direction of Tension
and
Type of Masonry
all units are (psi)

Mortar Type
Portland Cement/Lime
or Mortar Cement
N
M or S

Masonry Cement/Lime
M or S

tension normal
to bed joints
solid units
hollow units
fully grouted units

40
25
68*

30
19
58*

24
15
41*

15
9
26*

tension parallel
to bed joints
solid units
hollow units
fully grouted units

80
50
80*

60
38
60*

48
30
48*

30
19
29*

* grouted masonry is addressed only by MSJC

Masonry Structures, slide 13

URM Shear Walls

Design
Criteria
(c) allowable shear stresses:
UBC Sec. 2107.3.7 shear stress, unreinforced masonry:
clay units:
Fv = 0.3 (f m)1/2 < 80 psi
(7-44)
concrete units:
with M or S mortar Fv = 34 psi
with N mortar Fv = 23 psi
allowable shear stress may be increased by 0.2 fmd where fmd is
compressive stress due to dead load
Per UBC Sec. 2107.3.12 shear stress is average shear stress,

V
fv
Ae

Masonry Structures, slide 14

URM Shear Walls

Design
Criteria
(c) allowable shear stresses:
MSJC Sec. 2.2.5.2: shear stress, unreinforced masonry:
Fv shall not exceed the lesser of:
(a) 1.5 (f m)1/2
(b) 120 psi
(c) v + 0.45 Nv/An where v = 37 psi for running bond, w/o solid grout
37 psi for stack bond and solid grout
60 psi for running bond and solid grout
(d) 15 psi for masonry in other than running bond

Note: Per MSJC Sec. 2.2.5.1, shear stress is maximum stress, f v

VQ
Ib

Masonry Structures, slide 15

URM Shear Walls

Design
Criteria
(c) allowable shear stresses:

fvmax
fvavg

f v avg

V
2
f v max
Anet 3

f v max

3 V
2 Anet

for rectangular section

Masonry Structures, slide 16

URM Shear Walls

Possible shear cracking modes.
strong mortar
weak units

low vertical
compressive stress

weak mortar
strong units

through masonry units

sliding along bed joints

stair step through bed

and head joints

Associated NCMA TEK Note

#66A: Design for Shear Resistance of Concrete Masonry Walls (1982)
Masonry Structures, slide 17

Example: URM Shear Walls

Determine the maximum base shear per UBC and MSJC.
5000 lb. DL

9- 4

8 CMUs with face shell bedding

block strength = 2800 psi
Type N Portland cement lime mortar
special inspection provided during construction

Net section with face shell bedding:

9- 4

1.25

80

Anet 2.5 (80) 200 in 2

6 - 8

S net 2.5 (80)2 / 6 2667 in 3

h'
r 2.84"
h 112"
39.4
r
Masonry Structures, slide 18

Example
Forces and Stresses:
Vb 2 H

M b Vb (1.5 x 9.33 ) x 12 168 Vb

f a dead 2 (5000 lbs) / 200 in 2 50 psi (neglecting self weight)
f b M/S 168 Vb /2667 0.0630 Vb

Maximum base shear capacity per UBC

shear stress

Fv 23 0.2 f md 23 0.2 (50) 33 psi (Sec. 2107.3.7)

Vmax (33 psi x 1.33) (200 in 2 ) 7980 lbs. (does not govern)
flexural tensile stress

Ft 19 psi x 1.33 25.3 psi (Ft per Sec. 2107.3.5 )

- f a f b Ft - 50 0.0630Vb 25.3

Vb 1194 lbs. (governs)

Masonry Structures, slide 19

Example
Maximum base shear capacity per UBC
flexural compressive stress
fa fb

1.33
Fa Fb

Fa 0.25f m [1 - (

h 2
) ] 0.23 f m
140r

for

h'
99
r

f m 1850 psi per Table 21 - D for f u 2800 psi and Type N mortar
Fa 426 psi

50 0 .0630 Vb

1.33
426
616

Fb 0.33 (1850) 616 psi

Vb 11,857 lbs. (does not govern)

Maximum base shear capacity per MSJC

In lieu of prism tests, a lower bound compressive strength of 1861 psi will be used
based on the 2800 psi unit strength and Type N mortar per MSJC Spec. Table 2.

shear stress

Fv 1.5 (f m )1/2 1.5 (1861)1/2 65 psi or

Fv 37 psi 0.45 (50 psi) 60 psi (governs)
Vmax

2
2
Fv Anet (60 psi x 1.33) (200 in 2 )
3
3
10,629 lbs. (does not govern)
Masonry Structures, slide 20

Example
Maximum base shear capacity per MSJC
flexural tensile stress
per MSJC Sec. 2.2.3.2 : Ft = 0 psi
- fa + fb = 0
- 50 + 0.0630 Vb = 0

Vb 794 lbs. (governs)

flexural compressive stress

fa fb

1.33
Fa Fb

Fa 0.25f m [1 - (h/140r)2 ] 0.23 f m 426 psi for h/r 39.4

Fb 0.33 (1861) 620 psi

50 0.0630 Vb

1.33 Vb = 11,934 lbs. (does not govern)

426
620

Vb max

Summary:
shear stress

axial and flexural stress

tension
compression

UBC

7890

1194

11,857

MSJC

10,629

794

11,934
Masonry Structures, slide 21

URM Shear Walls

Post-Cracked Behavior
P v A

v fa

equilibrium : Hh Pe ; e

fm

h
toe
heel
width = b

fm< Fa
P
e
L/2

2P
b

Hh
P

compressive edge stress Fa or Fb

L
L

e
3 e
3 2
2

combining above equations :

2P
2P
1
fm

L
L2
b
3b e
2
L2

fm =

[1]
[2]

[3]

4P
e

3 bL 1 - 2
L

Masonry Structures, slide 22

URM Shear Walls

resultant load, P, shifts toward toe
toe crushing
2 to 3 times
cracking load

Lateral Load, H

Post-Cracked Behavior

first flexural cracking

MSJC/UBC
assumed behavior
Lateral Deflection at Top of Wall
Note: shear strength should be checked considering effects of flexural cracking
Masonry Structures, slide 23

Perforated URM Shear Walls

Masonry Structures, slide 24

Lateral Stiffness of Shear Walls

Cantilevered shear wall

flexure shear :
Hh 3
H 1
=

h
3E m I Av G
common assumption s : Av = 5/6 Ag G = 0.4 E m
Hh 3
1.2 Hh
=
+
3E m I Ag (0.4 E m )

4 Hh 3
E m bL3

3 Hh
bLE m

H h h
=
4
bE m L L

bL3
Ig =
12
Ag = bL

k = lateral stiffness =

H/ =

bE m

h

L

h
4
L

Masonry Structures, slide 25

Lateral Stiffness of Shear Walls

Pier between openings
flexure

shear

Hh 3
H 1
=

h
12E m I Av G

=
h
H

Hh 3
E m bL3

1.2 Hh
bL(0.4 E m )

H h h
=

bE m L L

L
k lateral stiffness

H /

bE m

h

L

h

L

Masonry Structures, slide 26

Lateral Stiffness of Shear Walls

k
bEm

1.6
1.4
1.2

cantilever
k

1.0

h

L

h
4
L

0.8
k

0.6
0.4

fixed pier
1
h

L

h

L

0.2
0

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

h
L

Masonry Structures, slide 27

References
Associated NCMA TEK Note:
61A Concrete Masonry Load Bearing Walls
- Lateral Load Distribution (1981)

Associated BIA Technical Note:

24C The Contemporary Bearing Wall
- Introduction to Shear Wall Design
24D The Contemporary Bearing Wall
- Example of Shear Wall Design
24I Earthquake Analysis of Engineered Brick Masonry Structures

Masonry Structures, slide 28

Example: Lateral-Force Distribution

Determine the distribution of the lateral force, H, to walls A, B and C.
H

10-0

18-0

6-0
type of masonry and
wall thickness is the
same for each wall

h=15

wall
A
B
C

h/L

10

1.50

18
6

0.83
2.50

ki *
0.0556 bEm

ki / ki
0.20

0.2077 bEm
0.0143 bEm

k = 0.2776 bE
i

0.75
0.05

*based on cantilever action

ki

bEm
h

L

h
4
L

Masonry Structures, slide 29

Lateral-Force Distribution to Piers

Perforated Shear Walls

equilibrium:

H V1 V2 V3

V2

V1

h3

L1

where K lateral story stiffness

ki k1 k2 k 3
bi E mi

ki

L2
L2

L3

H
H

K ki

H Kor

V3

h1
h2

overall story stiffness:

hi hi

Li Li

for fixed fixed pier

shear force attracted to single pier:

Vi k i i k i k i k i
Vi (k i / k i
k i / k i distribution factor
Masonry Structures, slide 30

Example: Lateral Force Distribution to Piers

Determine the distribution of story shear, H, to each pier.
40

32

8grouted
concrete block

64

Va

Vb

Vc

24

Elevation
7.63
56

112

24

40

Section A-A
Masonry Structures, slide 31

Example: Lateral Force Distribution to Piers

7.63 x48 366 x 7.63/2 1397
7.63 x 40 305 x 20
6104

piers a and c
7.63

7501

671

7501
11 .2"
671

Av (5/6) Aweb (5/6) (7.63" )(40.0) 254 in 2

7.63

48

I gross 366(11.2 3.81)2 305(20 11.2) 2 7.63(40.0)3 /12 84,273 in 4

ka = kc =

40
kb =

7.63

pier b

1
h3
h

12EI GAv
bE m

h

L

h

L

1
( 64 )3
64

12E(84,273) ( 0.4 E )( 254 )

1.12 E

7.63 E
1.91 E
1 [1 + 3]

ki 112191112 416

64

DFa DFc 1 .12 / 4 .16 0 .27

DFb 1 .91 / 4 .16 0 .46

Masonry Structures, slide 32

Perforated Shear Walls

Axial Force due to Overturning

equilibrium of pier axial forces:

pi 0 for zero gravity force
pi 0 f ai Ai
Ai 0 thus, centroid of pier
areas neutral axis
Ai yi
y
Ai

[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]

equilibrium of moments:

M pi yi f ai Ai y i
y1

y2

from similar triangles:

y3

f ai f max y i / c

y2 y3

y1
y
fmax
p1

p2
c

p3

substituting in [5]:
y

fai= ave. axial

M f max i Ai yi
stress across
c

pier i
f
f
M max Ai yi 2 M max I
c
c

[5]
[6]

[7]
[8]

Masonry Structures, slide 33

Perforated Shear Walls

Axial Force due to Overturning
solving for fmax:

f max =

Mc
I

[10]

substituting in [6]:
Mc yi Myi
=

I
I c
MAi yi
pi = Ai f i =
I

f ai =

pi = M

Ai yi
Ai yi2

[11]
[12]
[13]

distribution factor
for overturning moment
Masonry Structures, slide 34

Perforated Shear Walls

Design Criteria for Piers between Openings

flexure: unreinforced piers

compressio n

M
V

tension

fa fb

1.0
Fa Fb

- f a + f b < Ft

flexure: reinforced piers

neglecting axial force :

V
M=Vih/2
P
P = Pdead + Plive + Plateral

compression f b
tension f s

2M
jkbd

Fb

M
Fs
As jd

considering axial force :

(a) unity equation (UBC only)

(b) load - moment interaction diagram

(c) modify As by

P
(only when tension controls)
bdFs

Masonry Structures, slide 35

Perforated Shear Walls

Design Criteria for Piers between Openings
shear: unreinforced piers
P
M

MSJC

fv =

VQ
Fv
I net b

UBC

fv =

V
Fv
Ae

V
h

shear: reinforced piers

V
M=Vih/2

UBC
MSJC

V
Fv
bjd
V
fv =
Fv
bd
fv =

Loading Combinations
UBC
D+L
0.75(D+L+W/E)
0.9D-0.75E
capacity

MSJC Sec. 2.1.1

D+L
D+L+W/E
0.9D+E
D+W

Effect
Pmax for small lateral load
Pmax and Mmax for large lateral
Pmin for smallest moment
Masonry Structures, slide 36

Example: Perforated Shear Wall

Check stress per the UBC for the structure shown below.
Design pier reinforcement if necessary.

10-0

14.9 kip
Earthquake
Loads

10-0

14.9 kip

9-8

7.4 kip

18-8

Special inspection is provided

fm = 2500 psi
fully grouted but unreinforced
Grade 60 reinforcement
Type N mortar with Portland Cement

Gravity Loads
Level
Dead
Live
3
50 kip 80 kip
2
60 kip 80 kip
1
60 kip 80 kip

total

170 kip 240 kip

Masonry Structures, slide 37

Example: Perforated Shear Wall

Pier Dimensions

18-8
5-4

3-4

3-4

3-4

2-8 4-0 2-8

8 grouted
concrete block

7.63
3-4

9-4

3-4

a
40

32
Masonry Structures, slide 38

Example: Perforated Shear Wall

Stiffness of Pier a
y [32 (7.63)2 / 2 7.63 (40 2 /2)] / 549 12.82"
a
7.63

32

7.63

I g (7.63)3 (32)/12 7.63(32)(12.82 - 7.63/2)2

7.63(40)3 /12 7.63(40)(20 - 12.82)2 76 ,470 in 4

ka
y
40

ka

ka

1
h3
h

12E m I (5/6 Aweb )(0.4 E m )

1
48 3
48

12E m 76 ,740 (5/6 7.63 40)(0.4 E m )

1
0.120 0.472

Em
Em

1.69 Em

Masonry Structures, slide 39

Example: Perforated Shear Wall

Stiffness of Pier b

7.63

I g 7.63 (40)

kb

40
kb

/ 12 40,693 in4
1

h3
h

12E m I (5/6 Aweb )(0.4 E m )

1

48 3
48

12E m 40 ,693 (5/6 7.63 40)(0.4 Em )

1
kb
1.43 E m
0.226 0.472

Em
Em
Masonry Structures, slide 40

Example: Perforated Shear Wall

7.63

32

Stiffness of Pier c

kc

h3
h

12E m I (5/6 Aweb )(0.4 E m )

kc

112 3
112

12E m 76 ,470 (5/6 7.63 40)(0.4 E m )

40
I g 76 ,470 in 4

kc

1.526 1.101

Em
Em

(same as Pier a)

0.38 E m

Distribution of Story Shear to Piers

Vbase 14.9 k 14.9 k 7.4 k 37.2 k

pier

ki

DF i

Vi

1.69 Em

0.483

18.0

b
c

1.43 Em
0.38 Em

0.409
0.109

15.2
4.0

k = 3.50 Em

1.000

37.2 k

Masonry Structures, slide 41

Example: Perforated Shear Wall

Distribute Overturning Moments to Piers
y

40.0

7.63

124.0
211.2

12.82

y 2 9.38"
y 3 96.58"

y 1 101.8"

pier
a
b
c

Ai
549
305
549

Ai =1403

yi

Aiyi

12.8
124.0
211.2

7038
37,820
115,949

Aiyi=160,807

y 160 ,807 / 1403 114 .6"

Masonry Structures, slide 42

Example: Perforated Shear Wall

Distribute Overturning Moments to Piers
total story moment = M1 (@top of window opening, first story)
= 14.9k x 23.0 + 14.9k x 13.0 + 7.4k x 3.0 = 558k-ft
pier

Ai

Ai y i

(in2)

(in)

(1000 in4)

549

101.8

305

-9.38

549

-96.58

Ai 1403

A i y i2 I

I
(1000 in4)

(1000 in4)

Ai yi

Pi =

Ai yi
M1
In

(1000 in3)

(kips)

5689

76

5765

55.9

33.9

27

41

68

-2.9

-1.8

5120

76

5196

-53.0

-32.1

A y
i

2
i

I 11,029

Masonry Structures, slide 43

Example: Perforated Shear Wall

Summary of Pier Forces

pier

% gravity*

Pd

Pl

Peq

Veq

Meq=Veq(h/2)

(kips)

(kips)

(kips)

(kips)

(kip-in)

0.361

61.4

86.6

33.9

18.0

432

0.319

54.2

76.6

-1.8

15.2

365

0.319

54.2

76.6

-32.1

4.0

224

*based on tributary wall length:

(assuming that floor loads are
applied uniformly to all walls)

pier a: (32 + 40 + 32)/288 = 0.361

pier b: (32 + 40 + 20)/288 = 0.319
pier c: (20 + 40 + 32)/288 = 0.319
Masonry Structures, slide 44

Example: Perforated Shear Wall

Loading Combinations

axial compressive force, P

case 1
case 2
case 3
pier
D+L
0.75(D+L+E)
0.75Veqx1.5*
(kips)

(kips)

(kips)

moment, M
0.9D-0.75E

shear, V

0.75Meq

(kip-in)

(kips)

(in.)

148.0

136.4

29.8

327

20.3

36

130.8

99.5

47.4

274

17.1

36

130.8

122.2

24.7

168

4.5

36

*UBC 2107.1.7 for Seismic Zones 3 and 4

Masonry Structures, slide 45

Example: Perforated Shear Wall

Axial and Flexural Stresses, Load Case 1 = D + L
a

pier

PD+L

fa

Fa*

(kips)

(psi)

(psi)

148.0

270

543

0.497 < 1.0 ok

130.8

430

543

0.792< 1.0 ok

130.8

239

543

0.440< 1.0 ok

*Fa = 0.25fm[1-(h/140r)2]

fa/Fa

r 0.289t 0.289 7.63 2.2"

h 9' 4" 112"

Note that conservative assumption is used for Fa calculation, r is the lowest and h is the full height.
Masonry Structures, slide 46

Example: Perforated Shear Wall

Axial and Flexural Stresses, Load Case 2: 0.75 (D + L + E)
a

y
pier 0.75(PD+L+EQ)
(kips)

fa=P/A
(psi)

y
Fa

fa/Fa

(psi)

0.75Me
(kip-in)

Sg fb

fb/Fb** fa/Fa+fb /Fb

(in3)

(psi)

136.4

249

543

0.459

327

2813*

116

0.139

0.598 < 1.0 ok

99.5

326

543

0.600

274

2035

135

0.162

0.762 < 1.0 ok

122.2

223

543

0.411

2813*

60

0.072

0.483 < 1.0 ok

168

* minimum Sg is taken to give maximum fb for either direction of building sway

** Fb= 0.33fm = 833 psi

Masonry Structures, slide 47

Example:
Perforated Shear Wall
Axial and Flexural Stresses, Load Case 3: 0.9D 0.75Peq
a

minimum axial compression: check tensile stress with Ft = 30 UBC Sec 2107.3.5
pier (0.9PD-0.75PEQ) fa=P/A 0.75Meq

Sg

fb

- fa+fb

(kips)

(psi)

(kip-in)

(in3)

(psi)

(psi)**

29.8

54

327

2813*

116

62 > 30 psi provide reinf.

47.4

155

274

2035

135

-20 < 30 psi ok

24.7

45

168

2813*

60

15 < 30 psi ok

* minimum Sg is taken to give maximum fb for either direction of building sway

**tensile stresses
Masonry Structures, slide 48

Example: Perforated Shear Wall

Pier Shear Stress, Load Case 4 : 0.75E
a

y
pier

V=0.75Veq x 1.5

y
fv = V/Aweb

(kips)

fao = P/A*

(psi)

(psi)

Fv = 23 + 0.2fao**
(psi)

20.3

67

54

34 < 67 provide shear reinf.

17.1

56

155

54 < 56 provide shear reinf.

4.5

15

45

32 > 15 ok

* from Case 3 0.9Pd-0.75Peq

** UBC 2107.3.7
Masonry Structures, slide 49

Case Study: Large-Scale Test

Masonry Structures, slide 50

Georgia Tech Large-Scale Test

24

photo from Roberto Leon

Masonry Structures, slide 51

Final Crack Pattern

Load Direction

slide from Roberto Leon

Masonry Structures, slide 52

Final Crack Pattern

Load Direction

slide from Roberto Leon

Masonry Structures, slide 53

Results- Global Behavior

80

Wall 1 Force-Displacement Response

60

Base Shear (kip)

40
20

-0.30

-0.20

-0.10

0
0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

-20
-40
-60
-80

Roof Displacement (in)

Masonry Structures, slide 54

Overturning Effect (Vertical Stress)

Base strains recorded during loading in the push and pull direction
slide from Roberto Leon

Masonry Structures, slide 55

USA CERL Shaking Table Tests

12

photos from S. Sweeney

Masonry Structures, slide 56

Damage on North Wall

Final Cracking Pattern

Permanent offsets of 0.25 0.35

due to rocking of pier.
slide from S. Sweeney

Masonry Structures, slide 57

Peak Force vs. Deflection

slide fromStructures,
S. Sweeney slide 58
Masonry

End of Lessons 4 & 5

Masonry Structures, slide 59