PPP and Frame Relay

CCNA Guide to Cisco
Networking Fundamentals
Chapter 11
PPP and Frame Relay
Objectives
Describe PPP encapsulation

Configure PPP encapsulation and its options
Describe and enable PPP multilink
Understand Frame Relay standards and equipment
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals
Objectives (continued)
Describe the role of virtual circuits and performance
parameters in Frame Relay
Understand the Frame Relay topologies
Understand the difference between multipoint and
point-to-point configurations
Configure and monitor Frame Relay
PPP
PPP
Internet standard protocol defined in RFCs 2153 and
1661
Provide point-to-point, router-to-router, host-to-router,
and host-to-host connections
Considered a peer technology based on its point-topoint physical configuration
Commonly used over dial-up or leased lines to provide
connections into IP networks
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) was the

predecessor to PPP
PPP (continued)
PPP can be used over several different physical
interfaces, including the following:
Asynchronous serial
ISDN synchronous serial
High-Speed Serial Interface (HSSI)
PPP in the Protocol Stack

You can use PPP over both asynchronous and
synchronous connections
At the Physical layer of the OSI reference model
Link Control Protocol (LCP)

Used at the Data Link layer to establish, configure,
and test the connection
Network Control Protocols (NCPs)

Allow the simultaneous use of multiple Network layer
protocols and are required for each protocol that uses
PPP
PPP in the Protocol Stack (continued)
Frame Format
PPP is based on the High-Level Data Link
Control (HDLC) protocol
The difference between PPP frames and HDLC
frames is that PPP frames contain protocol and
Link Control Protocol (LCP) fields
LCP
Described in RFCs 1548, 1570, 1661, 2153, and
2484
Describes PPP organization and methodology,
including basic LCP extensions
Frame Format (continued)

LCP field of the PPP packet can contain many
different pieces of information, including the
following:
Asynchronous character map

Maximum receive unit size
Compression
Authentication
Magic number
Link Quality Monitoring (LQM)
Multilink
10
Frame Format (continued)

LCP link configuration process
Modifies and enhances the default characteristics of
a PPP connection
Includes the following actions:
Link establishment
Authentication (optional)
Link-quality determination (optional)
Network layer protocol configuration negotiation
Link termination
11
Establishing PPP Communications

Involves the following actions:
Link establishment
Optional authentication
Network layer protocol configuration negotiation
The link establishment phase involves the

configuration and testing of the data link
The authentication process can use two
authentication types with PPP connections: PAP
and CHAP
12

(continued)
PPP is an encapsulation type for serial interface
communications
To configure a PPP connection, you must access the
interface configuration mode for the specific
interface you want to configure
After LCP has finished negotiating the configuration

parameters
Network layer protocols can be configured
individually by the appropriate NCP
13

(continued)
14

(continued)
Configuring PPP Authentication
Using authentication with PPP connections is
optional
You must specifically configure PPP authentication
on each PPP host in order for the host to use it
You can choose to enable CHAP, PAP, or both on
your PPP connection, in either order
15

(continued)
Once you set the authentication type
You must still configure a username and password for
the authentication
You must exit interface configuration mode and enter

global configuration mode
Type username followed by the host name of the
remote router
Then type password followed by the password for that
connection
Confirming PPP Communications

With the show interface command
16
17

(continued)
18
Frame Relay Standards and

Equipment
Frame Relay
A packet switching and encapsulation technology
that functions at the Physical and Data Link layers of
the OSI reference model
A communications technique for sending data over
high-speed digital connections
ITU-T and ANSI define Frame Relay

As a connection between the data terminal
equipment (DTE) and the data communications
equipment (DCE)
19

Equipment (continued)
20

The physical equipment that is used on a network
may vary from one organization to another
Some routers have built-in cards that allow them to
make WAN connections
21

22
23

Frame Relay access device (FRAD)
Network device that connects to the Frame Relay
switch
Also known as Frame Relay
assembler/disassembler
Frame Relay network device (FRND)

The Frame Relay switch
24
Virtual Circuits
You can use Frame Relay with nearly any serial
interface
Operates by multiplexing
Frame Relay separates each data stream into

logical (software-maintained) connections
Called virtual circuits
Which carry the data transferred on the connection
Two types of virtual circuits

Switched virtual circuits (SVC)
Permanent virtual circuits (PVC)
25
DLCI
Frame relay connections identify virtual circuits by
Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) numbers
A DLCI number associates an IP address with a
specific virtual circuit
DLCI numbers have only local significance
DLCI numbers are usually assigned by the Frame
Relay provider
Most likely not the same on either side of the Frame
Relay switch
26
Frame Relay Map

Frame Relay map
A table in RAM that defines the remote interface to
which a specific DLCI number is mapped
The definition will contain a DLCI number and an

interface identifier
Which is typically a remote IP address
The Frame Relay map can be built automatically or

statically depending on the Frame Relay topology
27
28
Frame Relay Map (continued)

Subinterfaces
Virtual interfaces associated with a physical interface
Created by referencing the physical interface
followed by a period and a decimal number
For the purposes of routing, however, subinterfaces

are treated as physical interfaces
With subinterfaces, the cost of implementing
multiple Frame Relay virtual circuits is reduced
Because only one port is required on the router
29
LMI
LMI basically extended the functionality of Frame
Relay by:
Making the DLCIs globally significant rather than
locally significant
Creating a signaling mechanism between the router
and the Frame Relay switch, which could report on
the status of the link
Supporting multicasting
Providing DLCI numbers that are globally

significant makes automatic configuration of the
Frame Relay map possible
30
LMI (continued)
LMI uses keepalive packets to verify the Frame
Relay link and to ensure the flow of data
Each virtual circuit, represented by its DLCI
number, can have one of three connection states:
Active
Inactive
Deleted
The Frame Relay switch reports this status

information to the Frame Relay map on the local
router
31
Inverse ARP
In multipoint configurations
Routers use the protocol Inverse ARP to send a
query using the DLCI number to find a remote IP
address
As other routers respond to the Inverse ARP

queries, the local router can build its Frame Relay
map automatically
To maintain the Frame Relay map, routers
exchange Inverse ARP messages every 60
seconds by default
32
Encapsulation Types
LMI has several different protocol encapsulation types
that it can use for management communications
Cisco routers support these types of LMI
encapsulation:
cisco
ansi
q933a
Cisco routers (using IOS Release 11.2 or later) can

autosense the LMI type used by the Frame Relay
switch
33
Encapsulation Types (continued)

The basic LMI type has three information elements:
report type, keepalive, and PVC status
Information concerning the status of the virtual circuit:
New
Active
Receiver not ready
Minimum bandwidth
Global addressing
Multicasting
Provider-Initiated Status Update
34
Encapsulation Types (continued)

Split horizon
Routing technique that reduces the chance of routing
loops on a network
Prevents routing update information received on one
physical interface from being rebroadcast to other
devices through that same physical interface
People also refer to this rule as nonbroadcast
multiaccess (NBMA)
Can cause problems for Frame Relay routing updates
The best solution is to configure separate point-topoint subinterfaces for each virtual connection
35
36
37
38
Performance Parameters
Service contract specifies parameters by which the
connection is expected to function:
Access rate
Committed Information Rate (CIR)
Committed Burst Size (CBS)
Excess Burst Size (EBS)
Oversubscription
39
Congestion
Frame Relay switches attempt to control
congestion on the network
When the Frame Relay switch recognizes
congestion
Sends a forward explicit congestion notification
(FECN) message to the destination router
In addition, the switch sends a backward explicit

congestion notification (BECN) message to the
transmitting, or source, router
40
Frame Format
41
Frame Relay Topologies

Frame Relay can use many different WAN
topologies:
Peer (point-to-point)
Star (hub and spoke)
Partial mesh
Full mesh physical
42
43
Frame Relay Configuration

In this section, you will learn how to configure
Frame Relay over serial interfaces
Using IP as the Network layer protocol
44
Basic Multipoint Configuration with

Two Routers
LMI will notify the router about the available DLCI
numbers
Inverse ARP will build the Frame Relay map
dynamically
45
46
47
Basic Multipoint Configuration with

Two Routers (continued)
48
Multipoint Configuration Using a

Subinterface
The Frame Relay map will have to be built statically
on RouterA
To configure a multipoint subinterface, you map it to
multiple remote routers using the same subnet
mask, but different DLCI numbers
49
Multipoint Configuration Using a

Subinterface (continued)
50
51
Point-to-Point Configuration Using

Subinterfaces
Point-to-point Frame Relay configurations do not
support Inverse ARP
You will have to configure each subnet separately
Use the frame-relay interface-dlci command to
associate the DLCI numbers with a specific
subinterface
52
53
54
Frame Relay Static Mapping

Sometimes you have to define the DLCI numbers
manually
This is called making a static address to DLCI Frame
Relay map
You statically configure your DLCI entries in the

following situations:
The remote router does not support Inverse ARP
You need to assign specific subinterfaces to specific
DLCI connections
You want to reduce broadcast traffic
You are configuring OSPF over Frame Relay
55
Non-Cisco Routers
Non-Cisco routers use a different Frame Relay
encapsulation than Cisco routers
If you are configuring Cisco routers to connect to
other Cisco routers
They will automatically use the Cisco Frame Relay
encapsulation
If you are connecting a Cisco router to a non-Cisco

router, you must specify ietf Frame Relay
encapsulation using the following command:
RouterA(config-if)#encapsulation framerelay ietf
56
Keepalive Configuration
By default, keepalive packets are sent out every 10
seconds to the Frame Relay switch
You can change the keepalive period by typing
keepalive followed by the time in seconds
RouterA(config-if)#keepalive 15
57
Monitoring Frame Relay

You can check your Frame Relay configuration by
using show commands
These commands allow you to verify that the
commands you previously entered produced the
desired effect on your router
The most common show commands for monitoring

Frame Relay operation are:
show
show
show
show
interface
frame-relay pvc
frame-relay map
frame-relay lmi
58
59
60
61
Summary
Many WAN connectivity options are available for
modern networks, including digital lines, Frame
Relay, and analog modems
The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is the most widely
used WAN protocol today
PPP provides link establishment, quality
determination, Network layer protocol encapsulation,
and link termination services
Frame relay is a flexible WAN technology that can be
used to connect two geographically separate LANs
62
Summary (continued)
Frame relay is both a service and type of
encapsulation
Service parameters for Frame Relay include the
access rate, Committed Information Rate (CIR),
Committed Burst Size (CBS), and Excess Burst Size
(EBS)
Frame relay connections employ virtual circuits that
can be either permanent or switched
Virtual circuit connections across Frame Relay
connections are defined by Data Link Connection
Identifier (DLCI) numbers
63
Summary (continued)
Most Frame Relay providers support LMI, which
allows Frame Relay maps to be dynamically
created via Inverse ARP
Static mappings of DLCI numbers to remote IP
addresses can be configured when routers do not
support Inverse ARP
Inverse ARP is not enabled on point-to-point links
because only one path is available
Frame relay circuits can be established over serial
interfaces or subinterfaces on Cisco routers
64

PPP and Frame Relay

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

PPP and Frame Relay

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

CCNA Guide to Cisco

Describe PPP encapsulation

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) was the

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

PPP in the Protocol Stack

Link Control Protocol (LCP)

Network Control Protocols (NCPs)

PPP in the Protocol Stack (continued)

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Frame Format (continued)

Asynchronous character map

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Frame Format (continued)

Includes the following actions:

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Establishing PPP Communications

The link establishment phase involves the

Establishing PPP Communications

After LCP has finished negotiating the configuration

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Establishing PPP Communications

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Establishing PPP Communications

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Establishing PPP Communications

You must exit interface configuration mode and enter

Confirming PPP Communications

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Establishing PPP Communications

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Frame Relay Standards and

ITU-T and ANSI define Frame Relay

Frame Relay Standards and

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Frame Relay Standards and

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Frame Relay Standards and

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Frame Relay Standards and

Frame Relay network device (FRND)

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Frame Relay separates each data stream into

Two types of virtual circuits

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Frame Relay Map

The definition will contain a DLCI number and an

The Frame Relay map can be built automatically or

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Frame Relay Map (continued)

For the purposes of routing, however, subinterfaces

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Providing DLCI numbers that are globally

The Frame Relay switch reports this status

As other routers respond to the Inverse ARP

Cisco routers (using IOS Release 11.2 or later) can

Encapsulation Types (continued)

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Encapsulation Types (continued)

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals