CENTRIFUGAL

PUMPS

ROTATINGCOMPONENT&STATIONARYCOMPONENT

General components
of a Centrifugal Pump

SuctionandDischargeNozzle

Cut-away of a pump showing volute casing

Solid Casing

SealChamberandStuffingBox

SealChamberandStuffingBox

oGland:
isisaveryimportantpartofthesealchamberthatgivesthemechanicalseal
thedesiredfitontheshaftsleeve.Theglandcomprisesofthesealflush,
quench,cooling,drain,andventconnectionportsasperthestandardcodeslike
API682.
oThroat Bushing:
hastationarydevicethatformsarestrictivecloseclearancearoundthesleeve
(orshaft)betweenthesealandtheimpeller.
oThrottle bushing
refersto adevicethatformsarestrictivecloseclearancearoundthesleeve(or
shaft)attheoutboardendofamechanicalsealgland.
oInternal circulating device
rerefers to device located in the seal chamber to circulate seal chamber fluid
throughacoolerorbarrier/bufferfluidreservoir.Usuallyitisreferredtoasa
pumpingring.
oMechanical Seal: Thefeaturesofamechanicalsealwillbediscussedin
Part-IIofthearticle.

Rotating Components

Rotating Components

POMPA SENTRIFUGAL
Produceaheadandaflowbyincreasingthevelocityofthe
liquidthroughthemachinewiththehelpofaimpeller.
End suction pump
In-line pump
Double suction pump
Vertical multistage pump
Horizontal multistage pump
Submersible pumps
Self-priming pumps
Axial-flow pumps
Regenerative pumps

Working Mechanism of a Centrifugal Pump

Theimpellerconverts
driverenergyintothe
kineticenergy.
Thevoluteordiffuseris
convertsthekinetic
energyintopressure
energy

A pump does not create pressure, it only provides flow. Pressure is a

just an indication of the amount of resistance to flow.

CAVITATION
running at less than 10% of its best
efficiency point

PENYEBAB CAVITATION

pump installed above liquid level

pump drawing from vacuum tank
high vapor pressure liquid
unusually long suction line
plant is at high altitude

Suction Cavitation
Suction Cavitation occurs when --- NPSHA < NPSHR
Symptoms
1. The pump sounds like it is pumping rocks!
2. High Vacuum reading on suction line
3. Low discharge pressure/High flow

Causes
1. Clogged suction pipe
2. Suction line too long
3. Suction line diameter too small
4. Suction lift too high
5. Valve on Suction Line only partially open

Remedies
1. Remove debris from suction line
2. Move pump closer to source tank/sump
3. Increase suction line diameter
4. Decrease suction lift requirement
5. Install larger pump running slower which will decrease the NPSHR pump
6. Increase discharge pressure
7. Fully open Suction line valve

Discharge Cavitation
occurs when the pump discharge head is too high
Symptoms
1. The pump sounds like it is pumping rocks!
2. High Discharge Gauge reading
3. Low flow

Causes
1. Clogged discharge pipe
2. Discharge line too long
3. Discharge line diameter too small
4. Discharge static head too high
5. Discharge line valve only partially open
Remedies
1. Remove debris from discharge line
2. Decrease discharge line length
3. Increase discharge line diameter
4. Decrease discharge static head requirement
5. Install larger pump which will maintain the required flow without discharge cavitating
6. Fully open discharge line valve

PRINSIPKERJACENTIFUGALPUMP
(AplikasiBernouli)
3
increases liquid pressure by
increasing fluid velocity by action
of a rotating impeller

2 1

dWao V22

dm
2

12Impeler
menaikanenergiKinetik

V r

23Difuser
EkinmenjadiTekanan

( P3 P2 ) V22

2
2
2
D 2 N (rpm)
2
D

N
( P3 P2 )

(r )
2

g
2g
2g
2g

tergantung
- ukuranimpeler

Pumpwillpumpallfluidstothesameheightiftheshaftisturningat
thesamerpm.

- speed
(rpm)

Centrifugal Pumps

2
D 2 N (rpm)
2
D

( P3 P2 )
(r )
2

g
2g
2g
2g

"constantheadmachinesandnotaconstant
pressuremachine,sincepressureisafunctionof
headanddensity.

Head

dW pompa
gdm

Head

P
V 2 F

g
2g
g

The higher , the more power is required

to get the shaft to the same rpm

P
tetap
g

DEFINITION OF IMPORTANT TERMS

Thekeyperformanceparametersofcentrifugalpumpsare

Head,
Capacity,
BHP(Brakehorsepower),
Pumpcurves
BEP(Bestefficiencypoint)and
Specificspeed.

Capacity
Thecapacitydependsonanumberoffactorslike:
Impellersize
ImpellerrotationalspeedRPM
Sizeandshapeofcavitiesbetweenthevanes
Sizeofthepumpanditsinletandoutletsections
Pumpsuctionanddischargetemperatureandpressureconditions
Processliquidcharacteristicsi.e.density,viscosity

KAPASITAS, HEAD DAN FLUID HORSE POWER

(FHP)
D
Kapasitas Q AV Ar A 2N ADN
2

2N

2
( r )
2

Head

2g
2g

FHP

dW pump
dm

D N

m& gHm& g
2g

DN

2g

D N

AD N
2

AFFINITY LAWS FOR ROTATING EQUIPMENT

Capacity
proportionaltoimpellerspeedand/orimpellerdiameter.

Head
proportionaltothesquareofspeedanddiameter

Power
proportionaltothecubeofspeedanddiameter(asdoesNPSH)

BHP&FHP
Brake Horse Power Fluid Horse Power
Energi/massa

dWao dW pompa
P
V2

( gz ) F
dm
dm

Energi diterima fluida

FHP

Energi dari poros pompa

dW pompa
dm

: laju alir massa

m
P :Efisiensi Pompa
M :Efisiensi Motor

m&

BHP

FHP
P

Energi dari motor penggerak

MotorHP

BHP
M

Pump Performance Curve

CorrelationofpumpcapasitytoitsHEAD
Thepumpperformancecurvealsoshowsitsefficiency(BEP),
requiredinputpower(inBHP),NPSHr,andotherinformation
suchaspumpsizeandtype,impellersize,rpmetc.
Thiscurveisplottedforaconstantspeed(rpm)andagiven
impellerdiameter(orseriesofdiameters).Pumpcurvesare
basedonaspecificgravityof1.0.Otherspecificgravitiesmust
beconsideredbytheuser.

KURVAKARAKTERISTIKPOMPA
(Dimpelerdanrpmtetap)

P
tetap
g

hanyapadaflowrendah

PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVE

Pump Design
ImpellerDiameter
Pump Speed

Total
Dynamic
Head

Efficiency

BHP
Required ?
NPSH
Required

Flow

BHP = QHg

NPSH required is
a function of the pump design

NetPositiveSuctionHead(NPSH)
PVapor

NPSH required =
h

P-PVapor

BestEfficiencyPoint(BEP)
The H, NPSHr, efficiency, and BHP all vary with
flow rate, Q. Best Efficiency Point (BEP) is the
capacityatmaximumimpellerdiameteratwhichthe
efficiencyishighest.Allpointstotherightorleftof
BEPhavealowerefficiency

Pump Characteristic Curves

PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
SPECIFIC SPEED

Q ADN

m
Q N ADNN
s
1

1
2

Q=KapasitaspadaBEP

H
Suction
specific speed

3
4

3
2

3
2

3
4

3
2

1 m
m
3
s
s
2
s

DN

DN

2X

m

s

SPECIFICSPEED
Adalahindeksdisainpompa,yangmenunjukkan
kesamaanGEOMETRIPOMPA,digunakanuntuk
klasifikasiIMPELERpompasesuaijenisdan
bentuknya(proportions).

Pompayangukurannyaberbedanamun
memilikiNssama,dianggapsecarasama
GEOMETRInya.

Specific Speed and Pump Type

Specific Speed, Ns

Radial impellers are generally low flow high head designs

whereas axial flow impellers are high flow low head designs.

SPECIFIC SPEED
Specificspeedidentifiestheapproximateacceptableratio
of the impeller eye diameter (D1) to the impeller
maximumdiameter(D2)indesigningagoodimpeller.
Ns:500to5000;D1/D2>1.5-radialflowpump
Ns:5000to10000;D1/D2<1.5-mixedflowpump
Ns:10000to15000;D1/D2=1-axialflowpump

CENTRIFUGAL FLOW PUMP

MixedFlowPump

AxialFlowPump

REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSISTENT

OPERATION
Nocavitationofthepumpoccursthroughoutthebroad
operatingrange
acertainminimumcontinuousflowisalways
maintainedduringoperation.

MINIMUM FLOW IN CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

Small pumps
30% of the flow at BEP (best efficiency point).
Larger and multistage pumps
50% of BEP flow.
Reducedflowcauses:
Casesofheavyleakagesfromthecasing,seal,andstuffingboX
Deflectionandshearingofshafts
SeizureofpumpinternalsClosetoleranceserosion
Separationcavitation
Productqualitydegradation
Excessivehydraulicthrust
Prematurebearingfailures

VERSISATUAN
BRITISH

SelectingCentrifugalorPositiveDisplacementPumps
Centrifugal

Positive
Displacement

Flow Rate and

Pressure Head

flow depending on
the system pressure
or head

constant flow
regardless of the
system pressure

Capacity and
Viscosity

the flow is reduced

when the viscosity is
increased

the flow is increased

when viscosity is
increased

Mechanical Efficiency has a dramatic effect Changing head has

on the flow rate
little or no effect on
the flow rate
Net Positive Suction
Head - NPSH

NPSH varies as a
function of flow
determined by
pressure

NPSH varies as a
function of flow
determined by
speed.

Head

SOAL SOAL POMPA

9.1.Berapagalonpermenityangdapatditransferoleh
pompapistonyangmemilikiluasarea10in2danpanjang
stroke5indenganspeed1Hz.

A=1in2
5in

Speed=1Hz

1Hz-1detikdalam1siklus
1menit=60siklus

Q=A.L.N
Q=1X5X60in2permenit

SOAL SOAL POMPA

32.2lbm. ft
lbf .s 2

9.2Hitunghydraulichorsepoweruntukmemompa500galon
permenitdariinlet5psigkeoutlet30psig

dWao P
Head

gdm
g
dWs
P
P
Power
m
m
Q PQ
dm

lbf ft 3 lbf . ft
Po PQ 2

ft s
s
Po

lbf . ft
hp . min
60 s
X
X
s
3300lbf . ft
min

P2
P1
Q=500galon/min
P1=5psi
P2=30psi

SOAL SOAL POMPA

9.4. Suatu pompa mentransfer 50galon per menit fluida dari tekanan
30psi ke 100 psi. Power yang disuplai ke motor adalah 2.8 hp Jika
perubahan elevasi dan kecepatan diabaikan hitung efiensi motor.
Hitungkenaikansuhuairjikaprosesdianggapadiabatik
Power

dWs
P
P
m
m
Q PQ
dm

Qlost ( 1 )Power C p T
( 1 )Power
T
Cp

P1

P
2

Q=50galon/min
P1=5psi
P2=30psi
Po=2,8hp

Soal soal Pompa

9.5.Fluidamercuryingindipompakandenganmenggunakan
PDpump.Diasumsikantidakadafriksidantekananuapmercury
diabaikan.Hitungsuctionlift.
( P2 P1 ) V22
F
h z2 z1

)
g
2g
g

hmax

Patmosfir

g
P

Max jika
P2 0
F0
V2 0

P
14 ,7 lbf/in 2
32.2 lbm .ft 144in 2
34

ft
3
2
2
2
merkuri g 13.6 air g 62 ,3 lbm/ft 32.2 ft/s
lbf. s
ft
13,6

Soal soal Pompa

9.6Suatupompasentrifugaldioperasikanpada1800rpm.Jika
fluidanyaair,hitungperbedaantekananyangdapatdibangkitkan
olehpompauntukimpeler1,3,10in.Hitungjikarpm3600

DN
( P3 P2 )

g
2

DN
P
g

P3600
P1800

N1

N2

3600

1800

Soal soal Pompa

9.6Daridataflowratedandanheadsuatukurvaperforma
pompahitungefiensi.MisalkanuntukFlow=5ft3/sheadnya
330ft.Power=225hp.

Po FHP gHm gHQ

FHP gHQ

FHP gHQ

BHP
BHP

Soal soal Pompa

9.5.Suatupompasentrifugaldigunakanuntukmemompa
mercury.Tekananinlet200psi.Diameterimpeler2in.
Pompadiputardengankecepatan20.000rpm.Estimasikan
tekananoutlet
2

DN
P
g

P Pd Ps

Pd

DN

DN

g P

Soal soal Pompa

9.9Suatupompadiujiuntukfluidaairpadarpm1800kapasitasnya
200galperminkenaikantekanan50psi.Efiensi75%.Kitaingin
menggunakanpompainiuntukmemompamerkusripadarpmdan
flowrateyangsama.Perkirakankenaikantekanan,hpdanjikaefisiensi
sama.
rpm=1800

Q=200galpermin
P=50psi.
=75%.
2

DN
P
g

rpm=1800
Q=200galpermin
P=?psi.
=75%.

DN ADN DN
dWao
Power Po FHP
m gHm g
dm
2g
2
2