TIME

Lecturer Tevfik ARSLAN

SOLAR DAY
Solar

Day : This is defined as the

interval of time between two
successive transits of the sun across
the same meridian. The Solar day
begin when the sun is on the
observers anti meridian. At that
moment the time on observervers
meridian is 0000 hrs.

DAYLY APPARENT
MOTION
The

earths rotation on its axis causes

the sun and other celestial bodies to
appear moving across the sky from
east to west each day.
This motion is the daily apparent
motion of sky objects.

SIDERAL DAY
If

a person located on the earths equator overhead of

a very distant star, he/she would be measuring the
period of the earths rotation. This period is called
sideral day, and a little bit shorter than the solar day.
For to complete solar day earth must rotate on its
axis through more than 360.

sideral

day, and a little bit shorter than the solar day.

For to complete solar day earth must rotate on its
axis through more than 360.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
SIDERAL AND SOLAR DAY
in

order to bring
sun, the sun overhead
again. This is due to the earths
revolution around the sun.
Solar day is longer 4 minutes than
sideral day.

FUNDAMENTAL SYSTEM OF
TIME
Mean

time : Use of the apparent sun as

a time reference results in time of noncostant rate, because irregular motion of
earth both during rotation and revolution.
To obtain costant rate of time, the
apparent time is replaced fictitious
mean time. Mean time accepted

FUNDAMENTAL SYSTEM OF
TIME
as

avarage value of apparent time.

Universal time : is the mean solar
time on the Greenwitch meridian.
The universal time determened
directly from astronomical
observations is denoted UT0.

FUNDAMENTAL SYSTEM OF
TIME
Greenwich

Mean Time :
Because of the precession of earth
axis,geographical pole changes, so it is
necessary to make an correction to UT0.
This correction is 15 millisecond. After this
correction UT1(Greenwich mean time is
obtained.

ATOMIC TIME
Atomic

time is based on transitions

in the atom. The radioactif cesium
element is used for atomic time.
Its(cesium) cycles is measured
during radiation and definite
number of cycles is accepted as
one second.
Atomic clock is highly reliable.

COORDINATED TIME
Although

we have reliable atomic

time, we have still some problem
about coordination between
astronomic time and atomic time.
Because astronomic time is not a
time to be repeated always in same
interval. !!!!!!!

COORDINATED
UNIVERSAL TIME (UTC)
Astronomic time and Atomic time is
synchronized each other and the difference
between them is never allowed more than 1
second. The adjustment is made in every six
months with Atomic clock. This
synchronized time is called UTC and is
equal to Greenwich Mean Time (UT1)

TIME AND ARC

One day represents one complete rotation of
the earth. Each day is divided into 24 hours of
60 minutes; each minute has 60 seconds.

TIME AND ARC

1 d = 24 h = 360,
4 m= 1 = 60
4 s = 60

60 m = 1 h = 15
1m
= 15
1s
= 15

ZONE TIME
At sea, as well as ashore, watches and
clocks are normally set to some form
of zone time (ZT). At sea the nearest
meridian exactly divisible by 15 is
usually used as the time meridian or
zone meridian.

ZONE TIME (EXAMPLE)

If the the time at Greenwich meridien is
12 31 GMT, what is the time at the ship
sailing position 20 33N, 073 16W

RULE-1
W meridians are signed always (+) when
we go from ZTGMT.
E meridians are signed always (-) when we
go from ZT GMT.
From GMT ZT reverse signs are used.

RULE-2
Dividision of longitude to 15 gives
the zone. If remainder is more than
7 30, use the upper value of zone.

SOLUTION
7316 W : 15 = 4, remainder = 13 16
Z(-5)
ZT = 12h 21m GMT - 5 = 7h 21m ZT.

LOCAL MEAN TIME

It is exact time on meridyen. It is
used in Nautical Almanac. The
Suns rising,meridian pass.,
setting times and other necessary
times are given as LMT in
Nautical Almanac.