B-Stad CH 03

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory
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Bipolar Junction Transistors

Chapter 3
Ch.3 Summary
Transistor Construction
There are two types of
transistors:
pnp
pnp and npn

The terminals are labeled:
E - Emitter
B - Base
C - Collector

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npn
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Ch.3 Summary
Transistor Operation
With the external sources, VEE and VCC, connected as
shown:
The emitter-base
junction is forward
biased
The base-collector
junction is reverse
biased
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Ch.3 Summary
Currents in a Transistor
Emitter current is the sum of the
collector and base currents:
I
I I
C B
The collector current is comprised of

two currents:
I I
I
C C (majority ) CO (minority)

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Ch.3 Summary
Common-Base Configuration
The base is common to both input (emitterbase) junction

and output (collectorbase) junction of the transistor.
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Ch.3 Summary
Common-Base Amplifier
Input Characteristics
This curve shows the
relationship between
of input current (IE) to
input voltage (VBE) for
three output voltage
(VCB) levels.

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Ch.3 Summary
Common-Base Amplifier
Output Characteristics
This graph
demonstrates
the output
current (IC) to
an output
voltage (VCB)
for various
levels of input
current (IE).
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Ch.3 Summary
Operating Regions
Active
Operating range of the amplifier.
Cutoff
The amplifier is basically off. There is
voltage, but little current.
Saturation
The amplifier is fully on. There is current,
but little voltage.
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Ch.3 Summary
Approximations
Emitter and collector currents:
IC IE
Base-emitter voltage:
VBE 0.7 V (for Silicon)

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Ch.3 Summary
Alpha ()
Alpha ( ) is the ratio of IC to IE :
IC
dc
IE
Ideally:
=1
In reality:
falls somewhere between

0.9 and 0.998
Alpha ( ) in the AC mode:

ac
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IC
I E

Ch.3 Summary
Transistor Amplifier
Currents and
Voltages:
V
200 mV
IE I i i
10 mA
Ri
20
Voltage Gain:
I I
C
E
I
I 10 mA
i
V I R (10 mA )(5 k ) 50 V
L
L
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Av
VL
Vi
50 V
200 mV
250

Ch.3 Summary
Common-Emitter
Configuration
The emitter is common to
both input (base-emitter)
and output (collectoremitter) circuits.
The input is applied to the
base and the output is
taken from the collector.

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Ch.3 Summary
Common-Emitter Characteristics
Collector Characteristics
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Base Characteristics
Ch.3 Summary
Common-Emitter Amplifier Currents

Ideal Currents
Actual Currents
IE = IC + IB
IC = IE + ICBO
IC = I E
where ICBO = minority
collector current
ICBO is usually so small that it can be ignored, except in high

power transistors and in high temperature environments.
When IB = 0 A the transistor is in
cutoff, but there is some minority
current flowing called ICEO.
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ICEO
ICBO
1
I B 0 A

Ch.3 Summary
Beta ()
represents the amplification factor of a transistor.
In DC mode:
In AC mode:
dc
ac
IC
IB
IC
IB
VCE constant
ac is sometimes referred to as hfe, a term used in transistor

modeling calculations
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Ch.3 Summary
Beta ()
Determining from a Graph
( 3.2 mA 2.2 mA)
( 30 A 20 A)
1 mA
V 7.5 V
10 A CE
100
AC
2.7 mA
25 A
108
DC
VCE 7 .5 V

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Ch.3 Summary
Beta ()
Relationship between amplification factors and :
Relationship Between Currents:

IC I B

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IE ( 1)IB

Ch.3 Summary
Common-Collector Configuration
The input is on the
base and the
output is on the
emitter.

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Ch.3 Summary
Common-Collector Configuration
The characteristics
are similar to those
of the commonemitter amplifier,
except the vertical
axis is IE.

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Ch.3 Summary
Operating Limits
VCE is maximum and IC is
minimum in the cutoff
region.
IC (max) ICEO
IC is maximum and VCE is

minimum in the saturation
region.
VCE (max) VCE ( sat ) VCEO
The transistor operates in the active region between saturation and cutoff.
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Ch.3 Summary
Power Dissipation
Common-base:
PCmax VCBIC
Common-emitter:
PCmax VCE IC
Common-collector:
PCmax VCE IE
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Ch.3 Summary
Transistor Specification Sheet

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Ch.3 Summary

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Ch.3 Summary

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Ch.3 Summary
Transistor Testing
Curve Tracer
Provides a graph of the characteristic curves.
DMM
Some DMMs measure DC or hFE.
Ohmmeter:

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Ch.3 Summary
Transistor Terminal Identification

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Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

Bipolar Junction Transistors

pnp and npn

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

The collector current is comprised of

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

The base is common to both input (emitterbase) junction

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

falls somewhere between

Alpha ( ) in the AC mode:

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Common-Emitter Amplifier Currents

ICBO is usually so small that it can be ignored, except in high

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

ac is sometimes referred to as hfe, a term used in transistor

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Relationship Between Currents:

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

IC is maximum and VCE is

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Transistor Specification Sheet

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Transistor Specification Sheet

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Transistor Specification Sheet

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Provides a graph of the characteristic curves.

Some DMMs measure DC or hFE.

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Transistor Terminal Identification

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

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