Chapter 1 Transport

Chapter 1 Transport
1.1 The Importance Of Having A Transport System In Source

Multicellular Organisms
ITeach Biology Form 5
The Importance Of Having a Transport System in

Source Multicellular Organisms
Chapter 1 Transport
LivingOrganisms
Organisms
Living
Receive oxygen and nutrients from external environment for

cellular activities.
Eliminate toxic waste products from their bodies through

diffusion.
Smaller organisms with large total surface area to volume

(TSA / V) ratio enable waste products to diffuse easily.
Amoeba
TSA / V Ratio
Hydra
Planaria
Organisms
In larger organisms, TSA/V ratio decreases. Exchange of

substances by simple diffusion is too slow. To survive, an
internal transport system is needed.
Teach Biology Form 5
Kepentingan Sistem Pengangkutan dalam

Organisma Multisel
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
OrganismaHidup
Hidup
Organisma
Menerima oksigen dan nutrien daripada persekitaran luaran

untuk aktiviti sel.
Menyingkirkan bahan kumuh toksik daripada badan melalui

resapan.
Organisma kecil mempunyai nisbah luas permukaan per

isipadu (JLP/I) yang besar, membolehkan bahan kumuh
diresap dengan mudah.
Amoeba
Hydra
Planaria
Nisbah (JLP/I)
Organisma
Organisma besar mempunyai nisbah luas permukaan per

isipadu (JLP/I) yang kecil, menyebabkan pertukaran bahan
melalui resapan ringkas amat perlahan dan sistem
pengangkutan dalaman diperlukan untuk terus hidup.
ITeach Biologi Tingkatan 5
Chapter 1 Transport
1.2 Concept Of The Circulatory System
Chapter 1 Transport
Concept of The Circulatory System

Circulatory System
Has 3 components
Blood
Fluid/medium that flows in the system
Vessels
carries the fluid
Pump (heart)
keeps the fluid moving through

the vessels
Blood is a type of connective tissue consisting of 55%

plasma and 45% blood cells.
Human
Circulator
y system
The blood passes into vessels such as arteries,

arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins.
The heart pumps blood continuously around the body.
What is blood?
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Konsep Sistem Peredaran

Sistem Peredaran
Mengandungi 3 komponen:
Medium
bendalir mengalir di dalam sistem
Salur
membawa bendalir
Pam (jantung)
memastikan bendalir
melalui salur
mengalir
Darah merupakan sejenis tisu penghubung yang

terdiri daripada 55% plasma dan 45% sel darah.
Sistem
Peredaran
Manusia
Darah mengalir ke dalam salur seperti arteri, arteriol,

kapilari, venul dan vena.
Jantung mengepam darah secara berterusan ke
seluruh badan.
Apa itu Darah?
Chapter 1 Transport

Composition Of Human Blood
Blood
Cell (45%)
Plasma (55%)
Platelets
Erythrocytes
Leucocytes
Contains water, protein,

glucose, lipids, amino
acids, salts, enzymes,
antigens, hormones, urea.
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Konsep Sistem Peredaran Darah

Komposisi Darah Manusia
Darah
Sel (45%)
Plasma (55%)
Platelet
Eritrosit
Leukosit
Mengandungi air, protein,

glukosa, lipid, asid amino,
garam mineral, enzim,
antigen, hormon, urea.
Chapter 1 Transport

Functions
FunctionsOf
OfBlood
Blood
Transport of materials
Gases
eg; Co2, O2
Food
Eg. amino
acids,
glucose
Hormones
Defense against diseases
Waste
products
Heat
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Fungsi
FungsiDarah
Darah
Pengangkutan Bahan
Gas
Cth: Co2, O2
Bahan
makanan
Cth: asid
amino,
glukosa
Hormon
Melawan Penyakit
Bahan
kumuh
Haba
Chapter 1 Transport

Human Blood Vessels
Blood vessels are tubes that transport

blood from one part of the human body to
another.
The structure and function of

The structure and function of
human blood vessels
human blood vessels
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Salur Darah Manusia
Salur darah merupakan tiub yang

mengangkut darah daripada satu bahagian
ke bahagian badan lain.
Struktur dan Fungsi Salur

Struktur dan Fungsi Salur
Darah
Darah
Arteri
Vena
Kapilari
Chapter 1 Transport

Structure And Function Of The Human Heart
The heart is situated between the lungs and behind the sternum in the thorax
It is the size of a clenched fist
2 upper thin-walled atria
There are 4 chambers
2 lower thick-walled ventricles
The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle because
the left ventricle pumps blood to all parts of the body while the right ventricle only
pump blood to the lungs
The heart is divided into right and left side by a wall called the septum
The valve between the left atrium and ventricle has 2 cup-shaped flaps called the
bicuspid valve
The right atrio-ventricular valve has 3 cup-shaped flaps called tricuspid valve
The atrio-ventricular valves prevent back flow of blood into the atria when the
ventricles contract
Semi-lunar valves are located at the point where the pulmonary artery and aorta
leave the heart. This is to prevent the back flow of blood into the ventricle when
they relax.
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Struktur dan Fungsi Jantung Manusia
Jantung terletak di antara peparu dan berada di belakang sternum pada toraks.
Bersaiz buku lima.
Terdiri daripada 4 ruang
2 ruang atas yang lebih nipis iaitu atria

2 ruang bawah yang lebih tebal iaitu ventrikel
Dinding ventrikel kiri adalah lebih tebal berbanding dinding ventrikel kanan kerana
ventrikel kiri mengepam darah ke seluruh badan manakala ventrikel kanan hanya
mengepam darah ke peparu sahaja.
Jantung terbahagi kepada bahagian kiri dan kanan yang dipisahkan oleh dinding
yang dipanggil septum.
Terdapat injap di antara atrium kiri dan ventrikel kiri yang dipanggil injap bikuspid.
Atrium kanan dan ventrikel kiri pula dipisahkan oleh injap trikuspid.
Injap di antara atrium dan ventrikel ini memastikan tiada pengaliran balik darah ke
antrium semula apabila ventrikel mengecut.
Injap sabit pula terletak pada pangkal arteri pulmonari dan aorta. Ini untuk
mengelakkan aliran balik darah ke ventrikel kiri dan kanan apabila jantung
mengendur.
Chapter 1 Transport

PumpingOf
OfThe
TheHeart
Heart
Pumping
Auricle
contracts
Semi
Ventrical
lunar
valves
contracts
sino-atrial
node (SA)
(pacemaker)
Purkinje
tissue
atrio-ventricular
node (AV)
The heart at rest
Atrial Systole
The sino-atrial node
generates
electrical
impulses. The electrical
impulses spread over the
walls of both auricles
causing them to contract.
Ventricular Systole
The electrical impulses reach
the AV node, bundle of His
fibres and Purkinje fibres
conduct the impulses to the
apex of the heart. The
electrical impulses spread to
the ventricles causing them
to contract
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

PengepamanJantung
Jantung
Pengepaman
aurikel
mengecut
injap sabit
ventrikel
mengecut
tisu
Purkinje
nodus
atrio-ventrikel
(AV)
nodus
sino-atrium
(SA)
(perentak)
Pengenduran jantung
Sistol Atrium
Nodus
sino-atrium
menghasilkan
impuls
elektrik. Impuls elektrik
akan
disebarkan
ke
seluruh dinding aurikel
dan ini menyebabkan
dinding aurikel mengecut.
Sistol Ventrikel
Ketika impuls elektrik sampai
ke nodus atrioventrikel (AV),
sekumpulan gentian dan
gentian Purkinje akan
menghalakan impuls ke
hujung jantung. Ini
menyebabkan impuls elektrik
tersebar ke seluruh ventrikel
dan menyebabkannya
mengecut.
Chapter 1 Transport

Regulation Mechanism Of Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is maintained by a negative feedback mechanism.
Baroreceptors located in the arch of the aorta and the walls of the carotid
arteries detect changes in blood pressure.
Baroreceptors in
arch of aorta and
carotid arteries are
stimulated
Cardiovascular
centre in Medula
Oblongata in the
brain
increased rate
of nerve impulses sent to
impulses sent
to effectors
Increase in
blood pressure
Action of effectors
Normal blood
pressure
Blood pressure
decreases
weaker cardiac
muscle contraction
lower resistance of
blood flow in the
blood vessels
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Mekanisme Pengawalaturan Tekanan Darah
Tekanan darah dikekalkan oleh mekanisma suapbalik.
Baroreseptor yang terletak pada aorta dan dinding arteri karotid dapat
mengesan perubahan pada tekanan darah.
Baroreseptor yang
terletak pada aorta
dan arteri karotid
dirangsang
Pusat kardiovaskular
pada medula
impuls saraf yang dihantar kepada
oblongata di otak
Meningkatkan kadar
Impuls dihantar
ke efektor
Tekanan darah
meningkat
Tekanan darah
normal
Tekanan darah
menurun
Tindakan efektor
Melemahkan
pengecutan otot
kardium
Mengurangkan
rintangan aliran
darah dalam salur
darah
Chapter 1 Transport

Blood Circulatory System
Closed
Open
blood is confined to vessels or in

some cases sinuses
Single
blood flows only

once through the
heart for every
complete
circulation
fish have this
type of circulation
Double
blood is contained in the

body cavity known as a
haemocoel
insects have this type of
circulation
blood flows only

once through the
heart twice for
every
complete
circulation
Complete
Incomplete
Oxygenated and deoxygenated

blood are separated
Oxygenated and deoxygenated

blood are inextricably mixed
mammals and birds have this

type of circulation
amphibians and reptiles have

this type of circulation
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Sistem Peredaran Darah
Tertutup
Terbuka
Pengaliran darah terbatas

kepada salur darah atau sinus
Tunggal
Darah
hanya
mengalir ke dalam
jantung
sekali
sahaja dalam satu
peredaran lengkap
Ikan mempunyai
sistem jenis ini
Ganda dua
Darah mengalir di dalam

rongga badan yang dikenali
sebagai hemoselom
Serangga
mempunyai
sistem peredaran jenis ini
Darah mengalir ke
dalam jantung dua
kali dalam satu
peredaran lengkap
Lengkap
Tidak lengkap
Darah beroksigen dan darah

terdeoksigen adalah terasing
Darah beroksigen dan darah

terdeoksigen bercampur
Mamalia
dan
burung
mempunyai sistem jenis ini
Amfibia
dan
reptilia
mempunyai sistem jenis ini
Chapter 1 Transport

Open Circulation Of An Insect
ostia
chamber of heart
pericardial membrane
haemocoel
Haemolymph flows forward in the dorsal tubular heart by waves of
contraction which begins at the rear and work its way toward the anterior
end
The haemolymph then leaves the heart and enters the haemocoel
The haemolymph is returned to the heart via the ostia
The ostia are equipped with valves that allow blood to enter but not leave
the heart
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Peredaran Darah Terbuka Serangga
ostia
ruang jantung
membran perikardial
hemoselom
Hemolimfa mengalir ke dalam jantung yang berbentuk tiub di bahagian
dorsal melalui siri pengecutan yang bermula daripada belakang jantung
dan bergerak hingga ke hujung anterior.
Hemolimfa kemudiannya meninggalkan jantung dan memasuki bahagian
hemoselom.
Hemolimfa kembali ke jantung melalui ostia.
Ostia dilengkapi dengan injap yang membenarkan darah untuk masuk ke
jantung dan tidak meninggalkan jantung.
Chapter 1 Transport

Closed, Single Circulation In Fish
blood flows only once through the heart for

every complete circulation
The heart has only one atrium and one
ventricle
Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the gills,
flows to various parts of the body and then
returns to the heart.
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Peredaran Darah Tunggal Tertutup Ikan
Darah hanya mengalir ke dalam jantung

sekali sahaja dalam satu peredaran lengkap
Jantung ikan hanya mempunyai satu atrium
dan satu ventrikel sahaja
Darah terdeoksigen akan dipam ke dalam
insang dan mengalir ke semua bahagian
badan sebelum kembali semula ke jantung
Chapter 1 Transport

Closed, Double And Incomplete
Circulation In Amphibians
Blood is returned to the heart after passing

through the lungs
It has two atria but the ventricle is not
completely divided
Deoxygenated and oxygenated blood would
be mixed in the single ventricle
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Peredaran Darah Tunggal Ganda Dua
dan Tak Lengkap Amfibia
Darah dikembalikan ke dalam jantung selepas

melalui peparu
Ia mempunyai dua atria tetapi ventrikelnya
tidak terbahagi sepenuhnya
Darah beroksigen dan darah teroksigen akan
bercampur di dalam satu ventrikel
Chapter 1 Transport

Closed, Double And Complete
Circulation In Mammals
Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs,

whence it returns to the heart and is then repumped to the body.
The heart is divided into right and left sides,
the right side deals with deoxygenated blood
and the left side with oxygenated blood.
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Peredaran Tertutup, Ganda Dua dan
Lengkap Mamalia
Darah dipam daripada jantung ke peparu di

mana darah akan dikembalikan ke jantung
dan kemudiannya dipam semula ke seluruh
badan.
Jantung terbahagi kepada bahagian kiri dan
kanan. Bahagian kanan jantung menjadi
laluan darah terdeoksigen dan bahagian
sebelah kiri pula menjadi laluan darah
beroksigen.
Chapter 1 Transport
Human Circulatory System
Pulmonarycirculation
circulation
Pulmonary
Flow of blood from the heart

to the lungs and back to the
heart
Systemiccirculation
circulation
Systemic
Flow of blood from the heart

to all parts of the body and
back to the heart
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Sistem Peredaran Darah Manusia
PeredaranPulmonari
Pulmonari
Peredaran
Darah mengalir dari jantung

ke peparu dan kembali semula
ke jantung
PeredaranSistemik
Sistemik
Peredaran
Darah mengalir dari jantung

ke seluruh bahagian badan
dan kembali semula ke
jantung
Chapter 1 Transport
1.3 Understanding The Mechanism Of Blood Clotting
Chapter 1 Transport
Understanding the Mechanism of Blood Clotting

Necessity For Blood Clotting
Prevents excessive blood loss from the body through a wound
Prevents blood pressure from falling to a lower level
Prevents the entry of microorganisms and foreign particles into the body through
a wound
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Memahami Mekanisme Pembekuan Darah

Keperluan Pembekuan Darah
Mengelakkan kehilangan darah berlebihan daripada badan akibat luka
Mencegah tekanan darah daripada jatuh ke tahap yang sangat rendah
Mengelakkan kemasukan mikroorganisma dan bendasing ke dalam badan

melalui luka
Chapter 1 Transport
Understanding the Mechanism of Blood Clotting

Blooding Clothing Mechanism
Blood lining
flows
out
and
blood
clump
Endothelial
42 Platelets
A cut
intoaform
1together
avessel
plug
toconstricts
prevent blood
bloodloss
vessel
of blood
vessel
When a blood vessel is injured, platelets

begin to collect at the site on injury, forming a
barrier called the platelet plug.
An enzyme, thrombokinase is released.
Vitamin K
Calcium ions
exposure to air,
3 Platelets on
Erythrocyte
Prothrombin
breakBlood
downvessel
and release 5 Platelets
release
constricts
chemicals
to cause other
thrombokinase Thrombokinase
and
platelets to stick to each otherother clotting factors
Fibrinogen
(soluble)
Thrombin
Fibrin
(insoluble)
Clot forms to stop further blood loss
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Memahami Mekanisme Pembekuan Darah

Mekanisme Pembekuan Darah
bersama
4
2 Platelet berkumpul
Salur
darah
1keluar
Lapisan
Endotelium
Darah
mengalir
dan
membentuk penyumbat
yang
terluka
veselvesel
darahdarah mengecut
menghalang
kehilangan darah
Apabila salur darah terluka, platelet akan

berkumpul dan melekat pada dinding salur
darah
membentuk
penghalang
yang
dipanggil penyumbat platelet.
Enzim trombokinase dibebaskan
Vitamin K
Ion kalsium
Eritrosit
Vesel
darahterdedah kepadaProtrombin
Apabila
platelet
udara, ia
akan mengecut
terurai dan membebaskan bahan kimia Trombokinase
5
menyebabkan platelet lain untukPlatelet
melekatmembebaskan
trombokinase dan
faktor
Fibrinogen
bersama
pembekuan lain
(protein larut)
Trombin
Fibrin
(protein tak
larut
Darah beku terbentuk untuk

memberhentikan kehilangan darah
Teach Biologi Tingkatan 5
Chapter 1 Transport
1.4 The Lymphatic System
Chapter 1 Transport
The lymphatic System

The Formation Of Lymph
As a result of high pressure, water and dissolved substances diffuse from the
capillaries and bathe the tissue, forming tissue fluid or interstitial fluid.
Importance of the interstitial fluid
-
Oxygen and nutrients diffuse from the blood through the interstitial fluid.
Excretory waste (carbon dioxide, urea) diffuse out of the cells through the
interstitial fluid
Some of the tissue fluid returns to the capillaries (90%) while the rest (10%)
drains into the lymphatic vessels.
The fluid is known as lymph.
The composition of lymph is similar to plasma except that it has no
erythrocytes and large protein molecules of the blood.
The lymph flow takes place in only one direction from the tissues to the heart.
Semilunar valves within the lymphatic vessels keep the flow of lymph in one
direction.
Composition of interstitial fluid
Water
Dissolved nutrients
Hormones
Waste product
Gases
Small proteins from the blood
leucocytes
Dost not contain

- plasma proteins (albumin, globulin,
fibrinogen)
- erythrocytes
- platelets
(too large to pass through the capillary
walls)
Blood plasma (at venous end) is hypertonic

compared to the surrounding interstitial fluid.
Blood P is lower at venous end
results = water, mineral, salts and waste product
flow back into the capillary (85%)
why?
The fluid must be returned to the

circulatory system to maintain normal
blood volume.
15% of fluid that still remain in interstitial
fluid returns to the blood through lymphatic
system.
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Sistem Limfa
Pembentukan Limfa
Disebabkan oleh tekanan tinggi, air dan bahan terlarut akan meresap keluar
daripada kapilari dan membasahi tisu membentuk bendalir tisu atau bendalir
ruang-antara.
Kepentingan bendalir ruang-antara
-
Oksigen dan nutrien meresap keluar dari darah melalui bendalir ruang-antara.
Bahan kumuh(karbon dioksida, urea) meresap keluar dari sel melalui bendalir
ruang-antara.
Sebahagian daripada bendalir tisu kembali semula ke dalam kapilari (90%)

sementara lebihan bendalir tisu (10%) disalurkan ke dalam salur limfa.
Bendalir ini dikenali sebagai limfa.
Komposisi limfa adalah lebih kurang sama dengan komposisi plasma kecuali
ia tidak mempunyai eritrosit dan molekul protein yang terlalu besar.
Aliran limfa berlaku dalam satu arah iaitu dari tisu ke jantung. Injap sabit yang
terdapat di antara salur limfa memastikan aliran limfa bergerak dalam satu
arah.
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
The structure of lymphatic system

Collects excess interstitial fluid and return
it to circulatory system
A network of lymph capillaries, larger
vessel
Lymph capillaries blind end tubes
- located in the spaces
between the cells
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Interstitial fluid which is not absorbed into

bloodstream drains into lymph capillaries
known as lymph
Lymph: - transparent yellowish fluid
Lymphatic vessel: - lymphatic capillaries
unite
- have one-way valves
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Lymph nodes
intervals along lymphatic vessel
produce and store lymphocytes
- help to defend the body against infection
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Thoracic duct and right lymphatic

duct
main channels
R.L.D receive lymph from right arm,
shoulder area, right side of the head and
neck.
Thoracic duct receives lymph from left of
head, neck and chest, left upper limb,
entire body below the ribs
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Thoracic duct empties lymph into left

subclavain vein
R.L.D empties lymph into right subclavain
vein.
Result = lymph drains back into the blood
Chapter 1 Transport

The Lymphatic System
the point where
lymph returns
to the blood
right
lymphatic
duct
empties its contents into
the right subclavian vein
anterior vena
cava
thoracic duct
empties its
contents into the
left subclarian vein
lacteal in the villi of small

intestine
lymph nodes
the lymphatic system is a
network of lymphatic vessels
and capillaries, numerous
lymph nodes and two
organs, thymus and spleen.
Produce lymphocytes
Remove
debris
bacteria
particles
of
and
ingest
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Sistem Limfa
Sistem Limfa
titik di mana
limfa kembali ke
dalam darah
duktus
limfa
kanan
menyalurkan
bendalir
limfa ke dalam vena
subklavikel kanan
anterior vena
kava
duktus
toraks
menyalurkan
bendalir limfa ke
dalam
vena
subklavikel kiri
lakteal di dalam vilus usus

kecil
nodus limfa
sistem limfa merupakan satu
jaringan salur limfa dan
kapilari, nodus limfa, dua
organ, timus dan limpa.
Menghasilkan limfosit
Menyingkirkan bendasing
serta
menelan
dan
mencernakan bakteria
Chapter 1 Transport
Lymphatic system
Do not have own pump to move lymph
Moves with the help of
- 1-way valves
- muscular contraction
- intestinal movement
- pressure changes (inhalation and
exhalation)
Chapter 1 Transport

Role Of The Lymphatic System
Transports
Transports interstitial
interstitial fluid
fluidback
backto
tothe
thebloodstream.
bloodstream.
Blockage of the lymphatic system causes the body tissues to swell with
excess fluid, a condition called oedema.
Transports
Transports absorbed
absorbed fats
fats and
and fat
fat soluble
soluble vitamins
vitamins from
from the
the small
small intestine
intestine
intothe
thebloodstream.
bloodstream.
into
Defends
Defends the
the body
bodyagainst
against infection
infection by
byproducing
producing lymphocytes
lymphocytes and
and antibodies
antibodies
tofight
fightand
anddestroy
destroybacteria
bacteriaand
andviruses.
viruses.
to
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Sistem Limfa
Peranan Sistem Limfa
Mengangkut
Mengangkut bendalir
bendalir ruang-antara
ruang-antara balik
balik semula
semula ke
ke dalam
dalam aliran
aliran darah.
darah.
Sistem limfa
limfa yang
yang tersumbat
tersumbat boleh
boleh menyebabkan
menyebabkan tisu
tisu badan
badan menjadi
menjadi
Sistem
bengkakdengan
denganlebihan
lebihanbendalir.
bendalir.Keadaan
Keadaanini
inidipanggil
dipanggiledema.
edema.
bengkak
Mengangkut
Mengangkut lemak
lemak yang
yang diserap
diserap dan
dan vitamin
vitamin larut
larut lemak
lemak daripada
daripada usus
usus kecil
kecil
kedalam
dalam aliran
alirandarah.
darah.
ke
Mempertahankan
Mempertahankan badan
badan daripada
daripada jangkitan
jangkitan penyakit
penyakit dengan
dengan menghasilkan
menghasilkan
limfosit dan
dan antibodi
antibodi yang
yang dapat
dapat melawan
melawan dan
dan memusnahkan
memusnahkan bakteria
bakteria dan
dan
limfosit
virus.
virus.
ITeach Biologi Tingkatan5
Chapter 1 Transport
Oedema
An excessive accumulation of interstitial
fluid in the space between the cell
May caused by a blocked lymphatic vessel
Chapter 1 Transport
1.5 Role Of Circulatory System In Body Defence Mechanism
Chapter 1 Transport
Role Of Circulatory System In Body Defence Mechanism

The Bodys Defence Mechanism
First line of
defence
Skin
Mucous
membranes
Sweat
Sebum
Secretion of
mucus
Second line of
defence
Third line of
defence
Phagocytosis
by phagocytes
Antibodies
produced by
lymphocytes
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Peranan Sistem Peredaran dalam Mekanisme Pertahanan Badan

Mekanisme Pertahanan Badan
Barisan pertama
pertahanan
Kulit
Membran
mukus
Sebum
peluh
Rembesan
mukus
Barisan
pertahanan kedua
Fagositosis
oleh fagosit
Barisan
Pertahanan
ketiga
Antibodi yang
dihasilkan
oleh limfosit
Chapter 1 Transport

The Bodys Defence Mechanism - First Line Of Defence
Consists of physical and chemical barriers that prevent pathogens from the body
The skin serves as a physical barrier
Sebum from the sebaceous glands provides a protective waterproof layer
Sweat from the sweat gland contains lyzozyme, an antibacterial enzyme.
Chapter 1 Transport
The first line defence (skin)

Physical barrier (outer layer)
- impenetrable to bacteria and viruses,
- dead skin makes it difficult for bacteria to growth
Chemical barrier (sebum)
- protective film over the skin
- acids and oils prevent the growth of
microorganism
Chemical barrier (sweat)
- contain lysozome capable breaking down the
cell wall of certain bacteria
Chapter 1 Transport
The first line defence (others)

Tears and saliva
- contain lysozome, helps protect from
bacterial invasion
Hydrochloric acid
- destroys pathogens
Blood clotting mechanism
Chapter 1 Transport
The first line defence (mucous

membrane)
Line the trachea, digestive and urinary
tracts
Stop the entry of potentially harmful
microorganism
Secretes mucus (contain lysozome)
traps and destroys bacteria
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Mekanisme Pertahanan Badan- Barisan Pertahanan Pertama
Mengandungi halangan kimia dan fizikal yang menghalang patogen dari badan
Kulit berperanan sebagai halangan fizikal
Sebum daripada kelenjar sebum menyediakan satu lapisan perlindung yang

kalis air.
Peluh daripada kelenjar peluh mengandungi lisozim yang bertindak sebagai
enzim antibakteria.
Chapter 1 Transport
The second line defence

Used for the pathogen that may still gain
entry into the body (penetrate the 1 st line
defence)
Non-specific
Phagocytes can form phagocytosis
Chapter 1 Transport

The Bodys Defence Mechanism - Second Line Of Defence
Starts when a pathogen is able to get past the bodys first line of defence
The ingestion and destruction of the pathogen is carried out by a process

known as phagocytosis.
Lysine enzyme digests the bacteria. Digested substance is absorbed into the
The bacteria
Phagocyte
extends
is recognised
portions of
by its
theplasma
phagocyte.
membrane,
Phagocyte
wrapping
is close
around
to the
cytoplasm. Some
Bacteria
areisexcreted
trapped and swallowed
some may by
be the
used
phagocyte.
in the metabolism of
bacteria.
the phagocyte.
Chapter 1 Transport
Phagocytes
Neutrophils and monocytes
Migrate to the infected area
Enter the interstitial fluid by squeezing
through capillary walls
During migration, monocytes enlarge and
develop into macrophages, found in
interstitial fluid
Chapter 1 Transport
Phagocytes engulfs and ingests the

pathogen in a process phagocytosis
Phagocytes contain lysozome destroys
the phatogen
Chapter 1 Transport
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Mekanisme Pertahanan Badan- Barisan Pertahanan Kedua
Bermula apabila patogen berjaya menembusi barisan pertahanan pertama

badan
Proses penelanan dan pemusnahan patogen dikenali sebagai fagositosis.
Enzim lisin bertindak mencernakan bakteria. Bahan yang telah dicerna

Fagosit memanjangkan bahagian membran plasmanya dan mengelilingi
Bakteria terlibatdiserap
kemudiannya
Bakteria
dikenalpasti
diperangkap
ke oleh
dalam
fagosit.
sitoplasma.
dan Fagosit
ditelan oleh
menghampiri
Sebahagian
fagosit. bakteria.
daripadanya
bakteria.
dirembeskan dan sebahagian lagi digunakan di dalam metabolisma fagosit.
Chapter 1 Transport
The third line defence

Involves the immune system
Specific or targeted defence (recognises
specific phatogen)
Chapter 1 Transport
The third line defence

Immunity: body resistance to the pathogen
which causes a specific disease
Antigen: substances (proteins) that
immune system recognise as a foreign of
the body. Found in the outer surface of
microorganism
Chapter 1 Transport
Antibodies: proteins found on the surface

of lymphocytes or proteins released by the
lymphocytes into the blood plasma
Immune response: interaction between
antibody and antigen which result in the
elimination of the antigen from the body
Chapter 1 Transport

The Bodys Defence Mechanism - Third Line Of Defence
Involves lymphocytes which produce antibodies to fight diseases and

infection.
The antibodies produced can defend the body in the following ways
Neutralisation
Lysis
Third Line Of Defence
Opsonisation
Agglutination
Chapter 1 Transport
Lymphatic system
Also helps defend the body against
invasion by pathogens
When infection, pathogens and
lymphocytes collect in a great numbers in
the lymph nodes
Lymph nodes become swollen
Lymph nodes contain macrophages, dead
tissue, other foreign substances through
phagocytosis and lymphocytes
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Mekanisme Pertahanan Badan- Barisan Pertahanan Ketiga
Melibatkan limfosit yang menghasilkan antibodi untuk melawan jangkitan

dan penyakit.
Antibodi yang dihasilkan dapat melindungi badan dengan cara berikut
Peneutralan
Lisis
Barisan Pertahanan Ketiga
Pengopsoninan
Aglutinasi
Chapter 1 Transport
Types Of Immunity
Immunity is the ability of the human body to use antibodies to fight against the
invasion of pathogens
Immunity
Nature
Active
Immunity
acquired after
recovery from
infection
Artificial
Passive
Immunity
acquired through
maternal
antibodies and
mothers milk
Active
Immunity acquired
by vaccination
A vaccine is a
preparation of mild or
weakened form of
pathogen
Passive
Immunity
acquired by
injection of
antiserum
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Jenis Keimunan
Keimunan adalah keupayaan badan manusia menggunakan antibodi untuk

melawan serangan patogen
Keimunan
Semulajadi
Aktif
Keimunan
diperolehi
selepas sembuh
daripada
jangkitan
Buatan
Pasif
Keimunan
diperolehi
daripada antibodi
ibu melaui susu
ibu
Aktif
Diperolehi melalui
suntikan vaksin
Vaksin terdiri
daripada patogen
yang telah
dilemahkan
Pasif
Diperolehi
daripada
suntikan
antiserum
Chapter 1 Transport

The Structure Of HIV
enzymes
RNA
capsid
viral
envelope
viral
proteins
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Struktur HIV
enzim
RNA
kapsid
sampul
viral
protein
viral
Chapter 1 Transport

The Effect HIV On The Bodys Defence Mechanism
Effects Of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
HIV attacks the immune system by reproducing inside the lymphocytes and
killing them
HIV causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
AIDS is a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail,

leading to various life threatening infections.
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Kesan HIV terhadap Mekanisme Pertahanan Badan
Kesan HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
HIV menyerang sistem pertahanan dengan membiak di dalam limfosit dan

memusnahkannya
HIV menyebabkan AIDS (Sindrom Kurang Daya Tahan)
AIDS merupakan keadaan di mana sistem keimunan gagal berfungsi dan ini
membawa kepada pelbagai jenis jangkitan yang boleh mengancam nyawa.
Chapter 1 Transport

Transmission Of HIV
Unprotected sexual contact with an HIV infected person
Reusing and sharing contaminated needles
Transmission from an infected mother to infants during pregnancy, delivery or

breastfeeding.
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Peranan Sistem Peredaran dalam Mekanisme Pertahanan

Badan
Cara Jangkitan HIV
Mengadakan hubungan seks tanpa perlindungan dengan pasangan yang

telah dijangkiti HIV.
Perkongsian dan penggunaan semula jarum suntikan yang telah tercemar
Jangkitan daripada ibu kepada anaknya sewaktu kehamilan, melahirkan atau

penyusuan badan.
Chapter 1 Transport

Prevention Of Aids
Avoid unprotected sexual contact
Do not have sex with any individual whose background and health status is
unknown
HIV positive mothers should not breastfeed their babies
Screening of blood products for HIV has eliminated transmission through blood
transfusions
Never reuse or share needles or syringes
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Cara Pencegahan AIDS
Menjauhi hubungan seks tanpa perlindungan
Tidak melakukan hubungan seks dengan individu yang tidak dikenali latar
belakang dan status kesihatannya (seks rambang)
Ibu yang merupakan pembawa HIV positif tidak seharusnya menyusukan anak
mereka
Jangkitan melalui pemindahan darah dapat dielakkan melalui penapisan dan

saringan darah yang dijangkiti HIV
Jangan berkongsi dan guna semula jarum dan picagari yang telah digunakan
Chapter 1 Transport
1.6 Appreciating A Healthy Cardiovascular System
Chapter 1 Transport
Appreciating A Healthy Cardiovascular System

Cardiovascular diseases
Disorder of the heart and the blood circulatory system
Hypertension
Embolism
Heart attack
Thrombosis
Angina
Atherosclerosis
Risk Factor
High levels of blood cholesterol
Diabetes mellitus
Age
Family history
Smoking
Sedentary lifestyle
Obesity
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Menghargai Sistem Kardiovaskular yang Sihat

Penyakit Kardiovaskular
Gangguan sistem peredaran darah dan jantung
Hipertensi
Embolisme
Serangan Jantung
Trombosis
Angina
Aterosklerosis
Faktor Risiko
Kandungan kolestrol dalam darah
yang tinggi
Diabetes mellitus (kencing manis)
Umur
Sejarah keluarga
Merokok
Cara hidup setempat
Obesiti
Chapter 1 Transport
Appreciating A Healthy Cardiovascular System

Healthy Cardiovascular System
Diet low in saturated fats and cholesterol
Diet high in unsaturated oils
Diet with sufficient green leafy vegetables and fruit
Avoid excessive intake of salt
Avoid smoking
Regular exercise
Stress-free lifestyle
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Menghargai Sistem Kardiovaskular yang Sihat

Sistem Kardiovaskular yang Sihat
Mengurangkan pengambilan lemak tepu dan kolestrol dalam diet
Meningkatkan pengambilan minyak tak tepu dalam diet
Memasukkan sayuran
secukupnya dalam diet
berdaun
hijau
dan
buah-buahan
Mengelakkan pengambilan garam secara berlebihan

Tidak merokok
Kerap bersenam
Mengamalkan gaya hidup bebas tekanan
yang
Chapter 1 Transport
1.7 Understanding The Transport Of Substances In Plants
Chapter 1 Transport
Understanding the transport of substances in plants

Necessity For Transport Of Substances In Plants
Water and mineral salts have to be transported to all parts of the plant
Water is needed as a solvent and reactant in cell metabolism
Mineral ions are needed for chlorophyll synthesis, healthy plant growth
and development
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Memahami Pengangkutan Bahan dalam Tumbuhan

Keperluan Pengangkutan Bahan dalam Tumbuhan
Air dan garam mineral perlu diangkut ke seluruh bahagian tumbuhan
Air diperlukan sebagai pelarut dan bahan tindak balas dalam metabolisma
sel
Ion mineral diperlukan dalam sintesis klorofil serta untuk perkembangan

dan pertumbuhan tumbuhan
Chapter 1 Transport

Vascular Tissues In Stems, Roots And Leaves
Plants have two separate transport systems
Xylem
Gives support and transport
water and mineral ions, from
the roots to the upper parts of
the plant, against gravitational
force.
Phloem
Transport
organic
food
substances synthesised by
the
leaves
during
photosynthesis to other parts
of the plant.
Do xylem and phloem transports oxygen and carbon dioxide ?
NO. The exchange of gases is by diffusion.
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Tisu Vaskular dalam Batang, Akar dan Daun
Tumbuhan mempunyai dua sistem pengangkutan
Xilem
Memberi
sokongan
serta
mengangkut air dan ion
mineral dari akar ke bahagian
atas tumbuhan, menentang
daya graviti
Floem
Mengangkut bahan makanan
organik yang disintesis oleh
daun
semasa
proses
fotosintesis ke bahagian lain
tumbuhan.
Adakah xilem dan floem mengangkut oksigen dan karbon dioksida?
TIDAK. Pertukaran gas adalah melalui resapan
Chapter 1 Transport

Structure Of Xylem In Relation To Transport
Xylem
Vessels
Tracheids
Long
Do not have
hollow
continuous
tubes
Hollow
Parenchyma
Continuous
tubes
Vessels and tracheids form the two main parts in conducting elements.
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Struktur Xilem dalam Pengangkutan
Xilem
Vesel
Panjang
Kosong
Trakeid
Parenkima
Tidak mempunyai
saluran kosong
yang panjang dan
berterusan
Satu saluran
berterusan
Vesel dan trakeid membentuk dua bahagian utama dalam unsur pengaliran
air dan bahan makanan
Chapter 1 Transport

Vessels
A vessel is formed from a chain of

elongated cylindrical cells placed
end to end
The horizontal end walls break

down to provide an uninterrupted
flow of water up the plant.
Each cell becomes lignified and

loses its protoplasm
The lignified thickenings prevent

the walls caving in, increase the
adhesion of water molecules and
help the water to rise by capillarity.
lignified wall
rim of
bordered
pit
torus (valve)
perforations
in end wall
lumen
bordered
pits
border pits
in section
annular
thickening
single large
perforation
in end wall
of vessel
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Vesel
Vesel dibentuk daripada satu siri
sel panjang yang berbentuk silinder
yang bersambung dari hujung ke
hujung
Hujung mengufuk dinding sel akan
terurai bagi memudahkan dan
melancarkan pergerakan air untuk
diangkut ke bahagian atas
dinding berlignin
pit tepi
berbirai
torus (injap)
Setiap sel menjadi berlignin dan
kehilangan protoplasma
Penebalan
lignin
menghalang
dinding
daripada
runtuh,
meningkatkan perlekatan molekul
air dan membantu air untuk naik ke
atas melalui kapilari
perliangan
pada hujung
dinding
lumen
Pit
berbirai
sempadan
pit pada
keratan
penebalan
anulus
Perliangan
tunggal
dalam
hujung
dinding
vesel
Chapter 1 Transport

Tracheid
Tracheids are similar to vessels except that they are five-sided in
cross-section
Their tapering end walls are perforated by pits.
Pits are the opening where water passes through from cell to cell.
Sloping end wall

perforated
by
bordered pits
Lignified
wall
strengthened with
bars of lignin
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Trakeid
Trakeid lebih kurang sama dengan vesel kecuali ia berbentuk poligon
jika dilihat daripada keratan rentas
Hujung dinding menirusnya berliang disebabkan oleh pit
Pit merupakan tempat di mana air dapat lalu dari sel ke sel
Hujung
menirus
dengan
berbirai
dinding
berliang
pit
Dinding berlignin
diperkuatkan oleh
with bars of lignin
Chapter 1 Transport

Structure Of Phloem In Relation To Transport
Translocation
The transport of dissolved organic substances in the phloem

Phloem
sieve tubes
fibers
sieve tubes
Sieve tube - a cylindrical column of
sieve cells (sieve tube elements)
joined end to end
The end walls of each sieve tube
element are perforated by pores
forming structures called sieve
plates
Longitudinal strands of cytoplasm
passing through the pores of the
sieve plates help to transport
materials from cell to cell
companion
parenchyma
cells
companion
cells
The companion cell has nucleus,
vacuole, cytoplasm and numerous
mitochondria.
The
companion
cell
provide
metabolic support for the sieve
tube cells in the transport of
organic substances.
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Struktur Floem dalam Pengangkutan
Translokasi
Pengangkutan bahan organik terlarut dalam floem

Floem
Gentian
Tiub tapis
Tiub tapis
Parenkima
Sel rakan
Tiub tapis- satu tiub panjang yang

berbentuk
silinder
yang
bersambung
dari
hujung
ke
hujung.
Hujung dinding pada setiap tiub
tapis mempunyai liang seni yang
dipanggil plat tapis.
Bebenang
sitoplasma
merentasi
liang
plat
membantu mengangkut
dari sel ke sel.
Sel rakan
yang
tapis
bahan
Sel rakan mempunyai nukleus,

vakuol, sitoplasma dan banyak
mitokondria.
Sel rakan menyediakan sokongan
metabolik untuk sel tiub tapis
dalam
pengangkutan
bahan
organik.
Chapter 1 Transport
1.8 Transport Of Substances In Plants
Chapter 1 Transport
Transport of Substances in Plants

Translocation
Transportof
ofthe
thesoluble
solubleproducts
productsof
ofphotosynthesis
photosynthesis
Transport
The following
following experiments
experiments have
have been
been done
done to
to show
show that
that translocation
translocation
The
occursin
inthe
thephloem.
phloem.
occurs
The Ringing Experiment

Technique using compounds of 14C as tracers
Analysis Of The Content Of The Phloem Tubes
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Pengangkutan Bahan dalam Tumbuhan

Translokasi
Pengangkutanbahan
bahanterlarut
terlarutdari
dariproses
prosesfotosintesis
fotosintesis
Pengangkutan
Experimen berikut
berikut telah
telah dijalankan
dijalankan untuk
untuk membuktikan
membuktikan translokasi
translokasi
Experimen
berlakudalam
dalamfloem.
floem.
berlaku
Eksperimen Pergelangan Batang

Teknik Menggunakan Kompaun 14C sebagai Penyurih
Analisis Kandungan Tiub Floem
Chapter 1 Transport
Transpiration
Is the loss of water vapour from a living plant
About 90% of transpiration takes place through stomata, 10% through the cuticle
and very little through the lenticels of stems.
External
factors
Affecting The
rate Of
Transpiration
Air movement-The movement of air carries away water molecules

that have diffused from the leaves. Hence, the faster the air
movement, the greater the rate of transpiration.
Temperature-Increase in temperature increases the kinetic energy of
water molecules and so increases the rate of evaporation.
Light intensity-Light intensity increases, the rate of evaporation
increases
Relative humidity-The lower the relative humidity of the surrounding
atmosphere, the faster the water vapour escapes from the stomata.
Bab 1 Pengangkutan
Transpirasi
Merupakan proses kehilangan air dalam bentuk wap air dari tumbuhan hidup.
Kira-kira 90% proses transpirasi berlaku melalui stoma, 10% daripada kutikel dan
sangat sedikit daripada lentisel yang terdapat pada batang.
Faktor
luaran yang
mempengaruhi
kadar
transpirasi
Pergerakan udara- Membawa bersama molekul air yang telah

diresap daripada daun. Oleh itu, lebih laju pergerakan udara lebih
tinggi kadar transpirasi.
Suhu- Peningkatan suhu meningkatkan tenaga kinetik molekul air
dan seterusnya meningkatkan kadar penyejatan.
Keamatan cahaya- Apabila keamatan cahaya meningkat, kadar
sejatan juga meningkat.
Kelembapan relatif- Semakin rendah kelembapan relatif
persekitaran atmosfera, semakin cepat wap air terbebas dari
stomata
Chapter 1 Transport

Pathway Of Water From The Soil To The Leaves
The cytoplasm
cytoplasm of
of the
the root
root hair
hair cell
cell is
is hypotonic
hypotonic to
to the
the surrounding
surrounding
The
soilwater
water
soil
Waterenters
entersthe
thecell
cellby
byosmosis
osmosis
Water
Water is
isthen
thendrawn
drawn from
fromcell
cell to
to cell
cellby
byosmosis
osmosis until
untilititreaches
reaches the
the
Water
xylemvessels
vessels
xylem
mineral ions
ions are
are activity
activity secreted
secreted into
into the
the xylem
xylem and
and this
this increases
increases
mineral
the osmotic
osmotic pressure.
pressure. This
This generates
generates aa pressure
pressure known
known as
as root
root
the
pressure.
pressure.
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Pengaliran Air dari Tanah ke Daun
Sitoplasma dalam
dalam sel
sel rambut
rambut akar
akar adalah
adalah hipotonik
hipotonik terhadap
terhadap
Sitoplasma
persekitaranair
airtanah
tanah
persekitaran
Airmemasuki
memasukisel
selsecara
secaraosmosis
osmosis
Air
Air diangkut
diangkut dari
dari sel
sel ke
ke sel
sel secara
secara osmosis
osmosis sehingga
sehingga air
air sampai
sampai di
di
Air
veselxilem
xilem
vesel
Ion mineral
mineral dirembeskan
dirembeskan secara
secara aktif
aktif ke
ke dalam
dalam
Ion
meningkatkan tekanan
tekanan osmosis.
osmosis. Tindakan
Tindakan ini
ini
meningkatkan
tekananyang
yangdikenali
dikenalisebagai
sebagai tekanan
tekananakar.
akar.
tekanan
xilem dan
dan ini
ini
xilem
menghasilkan
menghasilkan
Chapter 1 Transport

Pathway Of Water Up The Stem And Then The Leaves
Root pressure provides a force which pushes water up the stem
but it is not enough to account for the movement of water to the
top of tall trees.
Transpirational pull is the main phenomenon driving the flow of
water in the xylem vessels of plants.
Transpirational pull draws water from the leaves and stems and
eventually from the xylem in the roots.
The water column in the xylem vessels does not break due to
capillary action.
Capillary action is caused by the cohesion between water
molecules and an adhesion between water and the cell wall of
xylem vessel.
Bab 1 Pengangkutan

Laluan Air Menaiki Batang dan Meninggalkan Daun
Tekanan akar memberikan satu daya yang membolehkan air ditolak
naik ke atas batang tetapi daya ini tidak mencukupi untuk
menggerakkan air sehingga ke puncak batang pokok yang tinggi.
Tarikan transpirasi merupakan faktor utama yang membantu
pengaliran air dalam vesel xilem daun.
Tarikan transpirasi menarik air keluar daripada daun dan batang

dan akhirnya dari xilem pada akar tumbuhan.
Turus air dalam vesel xilem bergerak disebabkan oleh tindakan

kapilari.
Tindakan kapilari disebabkan oleh daya lekitan antara molekul air

dan daya lekatan antara air dan dinding sel vesel xilem.

Chapter 1 Transport

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Chapter 1 Transport

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