Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Theory
zgr TAMER
Vector integration
Linear integrals
Vector area and surface integrals
Volume integrals
Line Integral
Curve
L
Adl A cos dl
Circulation
of A around L
L
A is a vector field
of A from S
Net outward flux
AdS
S
A is a vector field
Volume Integral
V
Integral of scalar
dV fV dxdydz
V
fV dddz
V
fV r 2 sin drdd
V
ax
a y az
d
d
dz
d
d
d
ar
a
a
dr
rd
r sin d
Gradient
Physical meaning of T :
A variable position vector r to describe an isothermal surface :
T
T ( x, y , z ) C
Since dr lies on the isothermal plane
and
dT 0
dr
dr T dT 0
T is a vector in the direction of the most rapid change of T, and its magnitude
is equal to this rate of change.
if AB = 0
The vector A is zero
The vector B is zero
= 90
Gradient
1- Definition. (x,y,z) is a differentiable scalar field
x, y, z ctt
uuu
r
dr
d
d
d
ax
ay
az
dx
dy
dz
grad
2 Physical meaning: is
a vector that represents both the
magnitude and the direction of the maximum space rate of increase
of
Divergence
The operator is of vector form, a scalar product can be obtained as :
d
d
d
a x a y a z ( Ax a x Ay a y Az a z )
dy
dz
dx
Ax Ay Az
x
y
z
A is the net flux of A per unit volume at the point considered, counting
vectors into the volume as negative, and vectors out of the volume as positive.
A B Ax Bx Ay B y Az Bz
Output - input : the net rate of mass flow from unit volume
Divergence
Ain
Aout
A 0
The flux leaving the one end must exceed the flux entering at the other end.
The tubular element is divergent in the direction of flow.
Therefore, the operator is frequently called the divergence :
Divergence of a vector
A div A
Divergence
1 Definition
ur
v(x, y, z) is a differentiable vector field
uu
r
V(x, y, z)
uu
r
V(x dx, y, z)
ur
ur v
vy
v
div v = v x
z uvu
x
y
z
x+dx
2 Physical meaning
The divergence of A at a given point P is the outward flux per unit
volume as the volume shrinks about P.
Divergence
Divergence
Divergence
Divergence
Curl
Curl
ur
ur
curl v ; 0
ur uu
r r
ur
uu
r
If v r curl
,
v
=2
ur
v is the fluid velocity vectorfield
ur
curl v 0
Curl
What is its physical meaning?
Assume a two-dimensional fluid element
B
y
u
y
y
v
v x
x
u
x
u
y
v
v u
0 k
x y
0
Curl
The angular velocity of the fluid element is the average of the two angular velocities :
B
y
1 v u
k
2 x y
u
u y
y
v
u
x
u
v
u
y
v
v
x
x
v u
0 k
x y
0
u 2 k
This value is called the vorticity of the fluid element,
which is twice the angular velocity of the fluid element.
This is the reason why it is called the curl operator.
Curl
Cartesian Coordinates
Curl
Cylindrical Coordinates
Curl
Spherical Coordinates
Stokes Theorem
If there is a vector field A, then the line
integral of A taken round C is equal to
the surface integral of A taken over S :
A dl ( A) dS AdS
S
Two-dimensional system
Ay Ax
C ( Ax dx Ay dy) S x y dxdy
Stokes Theorem
Laplacian
1 Scalar Laplacian. The Laplacian of a scalar field V, written
2
as V . is the divergence of the gradient of V.
LaplacianV V 2V
Divergence of a vector is scalar
The Laplacian of a scalar field is scalar
Laplacian
In cartesian coordinates
2V
ax a y az
y
z
x
2V
2V
2V
2
V 2 ax 2 a y 2
x
y
z
V
V
V
ax
ay
az
y
z
x
az
In Cylindrical coordinates
In Spherical Coordinates
(x)
convex
concave
Laplacian
Laplacian
2A
Laplacian of a vector:
is defined as the
gradient of the divergence of A minus the curl
of the curl of A;
3. Differential operators
Summary
Operator
grad
div
curl
Laplacian
is
a vector
a scalar
a vector
a scalar
(resp. a vector)
concerns
a scalar
field
a vector
field
a vector
field
a scalar field
(resp. a vector field)
ur
v
ur
v
u
r
( resp. v)
Definition
Ain
Aout
A div A
u div u
u dS ud
S
Stokes Theorem
A dr A dS AdS
S
A dS Ad
S
A 0
A 0
A 0,
A 0,
A 0
A 0
S(C)
C
C
y
S(C)
ur uuur
curl V dS
Sketch of proof.
Vy
ur uur
V dr
Vx
x
ur uur
Vy
V y
V(P)
O(
3)
2 V dr V(P)
2 x
2 x
Vx
V x
V(P)
V(P)
O( 3)
2 y
2 y
ur uur Vy V 2
x O( 3 )
V
dr
ur
V(x, y, z)
ur
V(x dx, y, z)
S
x
x+dx
ur uuur
V dS
V(S)
ur
div V dV
and then extend this expression to the lateral surface of the cube.
Vx
Other expression: Vx (x+dx,y,z).dydz - Vx (x,y,z).dydz =
dxdydz
x
Vx Vy
Vz
+
dxdydz
extended to the vol. of the elementary cube:
y
z
x