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Shallow Foundation
BEARING CAPACITY
If a footing is subjected to too great a
load, some of the soil supporting it will
reach a failure state and the footing
may experience a bearing capacity
failure.
The bearing capacity is the
limiting pressure that the footing
can support.
Supporting soil
Footing:
load
nf
Basics
Basics
Df /B 1
D
Terzaghi
Df /B 2-2.5
Others
Df /B > 4
Design Requirements
1. The foundation
must not collapse
or become unstable
under any
conceivable load
2. Deformation
(settlement) of the
structure must
be within tolerable
limits
3
No damage to
E.F
Characteristics of Each
Failure Mode
General shear (Dense sand):
well defined failure mechanism
continuous slip surface from footing to
surface
sudden catastrophic failure
Contd
Contd
(iv) Plate Load Test:
Shape of the load
settlement curve decides
whether it is G.S.F or L.S.F
(v) Density Index :
ID > 70 G.S.F
ID < 20 L.S.F
Foundation
Requirements
1. Safe against failure (bearing capacity or
structural failure)
2. Should not exceed tolerable
settlement(probable maximum and
differential settlement)
3. Its construction should not make any
change to existing structure.
4. Should be at adequate depth from
consideration of adverse environment
influence:
BEARING CAPACITY
ANALYSES IN SOILGENERAL
SHEAR
CASE
Methods of Analyzing Bearing
Capacity
qult N c su zD
qult 2 su zD
Contd
Terzaghi's Bearing
Capacity Formulas
Assumptions:
Bearing Capacity
Failure
Transcosna Grain
Elevator Canada (Oct.
18, 1913)
Wedge Zone
B
Surcharge
Pressure = zD
45-/2
45-/2
Passive Zone
Lowest Shear Surface
Radial Shear Zone
N q 0.4 B N
qult 1.3 cN c zD
For continuous
foundations:
N q 0.5 BN
qult cN c zD
For
circular
foundations
q 1.3 c N N 0.3 BN
ult
zD
Contd
Contd
a 2
Nq
2 cos 2 (45 / 2)
a e 0.75 / 2 tan
N c 5.7
for 0
Nq 1
Nc
tan
for 0
tan K p
N
1
2
2 cos
Computation of safe
bearing capacity
For strip footing:
qs
For
qs
For
qs
1
cN c D( N q 1 )Rw1 0.5BN Rw 2 D
F
square footing :
1
1.3cN c D( N q 1 )Rw1 0.4BN Rw 2 D
F
circular footing :
1
1.3cN c D( N q 1 )Rw1 0.3BN Rw 2 D
F
Rw 1 0.5 1 w1
D
Rw 2 0.5 1 w 2
B
1
If Z w1 0 Rw 1 ,
2
If Z w1 D , Rw 1 1
1
If Z w 2 0 Rw 2 , If Z w 2 B , Rw 2 B , Rw 2 1
2
(degrees
)
Nq
Nc
Nq and Nc
Further Developments
Skempton (1951)
Meyerhof (1953)
Brinch Hanson (1961)
De Beer and Ladanyi
(1961)
Meyerhof (1963)
Brinch Hanson (1970)
Vesic (1973, 1975)
Meyerhof Bearing
Capacity Equations
Vertical load : qult cN c sc d c q N q sq d q 0.5BN s d
Inclined Load : qult cN cic d c q N qiq d q 0.5BN i d
N q e tan tan 2 ( 45 / 2)
N c ( N q 1) cot
N ( N q 1) tan(1.4 )
Notes:
1. Use Hi as either HB or HL . Or both if HL >0.
2. Hansen did not give an ic for > 0. The value
above is from Hansen and also used by Vesic.
3. Variable ca = base adhesion on the order of
0.6 to1.0 x base cohesion.
4. refer to sketch for identification of angles
and , footing width D, location of Hi(parallel
and at top of base slab; usually also produces
eccentricity). Especially note V = force normal
to base and is not the resultant R from
combining V and Hi .
Bearing capacity
equations by the several
authorsSee
indicated
Terzaghi(1943).
table 4-2 for
typical values and for kp values.
qult cN c sc qN q 0.5BN s
a2
Nq
a cos 2 ( 45 / 2 )
a e ( 0.75 / 2 ) tan
N c ( N q 1 ) cot
tan K p
N
1
2
2 cos
1.0
0.6
0.8
Factors
Valu e
For
B
sc 1 0.2 K p
L
Shape :
Any
B
sq s 1 0.1 K p
L
sq s 1
10 o
0
D
d c 1 0.2 K p
B
Depth :
Any
D
d q d 1 0.1 K p
B
d q d 1
Inclination :
<
V
H
o
ic iq 1 o
90
o
i 1 o
i 0 for 0
Table 4-3
10 o
0
2
Any
0
0
Where Kp = tan2
(45+/2)
= angle of
resultant R
measured from
vertical without a
sign: if = 0 all i =
1.0
B.L.D = previously
defined
N N q 1 tan 1.4
qult cN c sc d c ic g c bc qN q sq d q iq g q bq
0.5BN s d i g b
When
use
qult 5.14 su 1 sc d c ic bc g c q
N q same as Meyerhof above
N c same as Meyerhof above
N 1.5 N q 1 tan
Shape
anddepth
factors
foruseintheHansen
orVesi
c bearing
capacity
equations
Shape
factors
Depth
factors
B
s
0.2 ( 0o)
d 0.4k ( 0o)
c
c(H)
L
N
q B
s
1.0
.
k DBforD/B 1
c(H)
N L
c
N
q B
1(D/B)forD/B 1
s
1.0
.
k tan
c(V)
N L
c
s 1.0forstrip
kinradians
c
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
_______
B
s
1.0 sin
d 1 2tan
(1 sini2k
q
q(H)
L
B
s
1.0 tan
kdefined
above
q(V)
L
forall
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
____
B
s
1.0 0.4 0.6
d 1.0forall
(H)
L
B
s
1.0 0.4
0.6
(V)
L
ABLE 4-5(a)
___________________________________________________
Inclination factors
Ground factors( base on slope )
___________________________________________________
H
o
i
ic 0.5 1
gc
A ca
147 o
f
1 iq
o
ic iq
gc 1.0
Nq 1
147 o
1
0.5 H
i
iq 1
gq g ( 1 0.5 tan )5
V A ca cot
f
TABLE 4-5(b)
2 5
1
0.7 H
i 1
V A ca cot
f
i 1
0.7 o / 450o H i
V A ca cot
f
2 5
2
bc
( 0)
147 o
o
bc 1
( 0)
147 o
bq exp( 2 tan )
b exp( 2.7 tan )
in radians
_________________________________________
*These methods require a trial process to obtain
design base
dimensions since width B and length L are needed
to compute
shape, depth, and influence factors.
See Sec. 4-6 when ii < 1.
Table 4-5(c)
Inclinationfactors
Ground factors (base on slope)
________________________________________________________
mH i
ic 1
( 0)
g c
in radians
A f ca N c
5.14
ic iq
1 iq
Nq 1
( 0)
g c iq
Hi
iq 1.0
V A f c a cot
1 iq
0
5.14 tan
iq defined with ic
g q g 1.0 tan
Hi
i 1.0 1.0
V A f c a cot
2 B / L
m mB
1 B / L
2 L/ B
m mL
1 L / B
m 1
bc g c
bc 1
( 0)
2
5.14 tan
bq b 1.0 tan
Notes:
1. When = 0 (and 0) use N = -2 sin() in N
term.
2. Compute m = mB when Hj = HB (H parallel to B)
and m = mLwhen Hi =HL (H parallel to L). If you have
both HB and Hi ,use m = mB 2 +m2L Note use of B and
L, not B', L
3. Refer to Table sketch and Tables 4-5a,b for term
identification.
4. Terms Nc,Nq, and N are identified in Table 4-1.
5. Vesic always uses the bearing-capacity equation
given in Table 4-1 (uses B in the N term even when Hi
= HL).
6. Hi term < 1.0 for computing iq, i (always).
Method 1
For any position of the water table
within the depth (Df+ B), we may
1
write
Eq.
as:
qu cN c D f N q Rw1 BN Rw 2
Where Rw1
2
reduction factor for water table above
Rw 2
sat
Rw1 1
2
D f
For Dw1 / D f 0 , we have Rw1 0.5 ,
and for Dw1 / D f 1.0 , we have Rw1 1.0.
1
qu cN c e1 D f N q e 2 BN
2
Where e1 weighted effective
Case 1
An equation for e1 may be written as
Dw1
m
e1
Df
e 2
Case 2
e1 m
e 2
Dw 2
m
B
Use for
Best for
Terzaghi
Hansen,
Meyerhof ,
Vesic
Hansen ,
Vesic
Cn max. = 2
o in t/m2 (10 Ton/m2
2
For
2.5
t/m
o
)
C
2
o 2.5 t/m
t/m
0
2
Correction for
0.6
1.8
submergence
1.0
(very fine silty sand
1.5
1.6
2.0
below water table
10
1.0
and N > 15)
N =15+ (Nn 15)
n
By Meyerhofs Theory
qnet 25 =11.98 Nn Fd For B 1.22m and 25 mm
settlement, q = kN/m2
qnet 25 =7.99 Nn Fd (B + 0.305/B)2 For B > 1.22m
B in m
By Bowles (50 % above)
qnet 25 =19.16 Nn Fd (s/25.4) For B 1.22 m (kN/m2)
qnet 25 =11.98 (B + 0.305/B)2 (For B > 1.22m) x Nn
Fd (s/25.4)
Where Fd = Depth factor = 1 + 0.33(Df /B) 1.33
s = tolerable settlement.
Parrys Theory
qult = 30 N
kN/m2
DB
CN
1
9.78
o
2
1 0.01 o
o
1 1.25 log
95
.
6
1912
0.77 log
o
for o 2.5 kN / m 2
w2
Meyerhof (1956)
Allowable bearing pressure of sand
can be calculted:
q c is in units kg/cm2. If qc is in other
units kg/cm2, you must convert them
before using in the equation below.
qc
N 55
4
By Meyerhof (1956)
qc
qall net
For B 1.22 m settlement 25 mm
15
2
q 3.28 B 1
qall net c
For B 1.22 m settlement 25 mm
25 3.28 B
where qc cone penetration resis tan ce kN / m 2
B m
Terzaghi
The bearing capacity factors for the use in
Terzaghi equations can be estimated as:
0.8 N q 0.8 N qc
Where qc is avaeraged over the depth interval
from about B/2 above to 1.1B below the footing
base. This approximation should be applicable
for Df / B 1.5. For chesionless soil one may use:
Strip qult = 28 - 0.0052 (300- qc)1.5 (kg/cm2)
For square qult = 48 - 0.009 (300- qc)1.5 (kg/cm2)
Strip
qult 2 0.28qc
kg/cm
kg/cm
2
capacity.
The cost is very high.
qult, foundation qult, load test
qult, foundation M N
B foundation
Bload test
B foundation
qult q plate
B plate
Objective
To determine the
load Qf and the size
of a foundation for
a permissible
settlement Sf.
Housel suggests
two plate load tests
with plates of
different sizes, say
B1 x B1 and
B2 x B2 for this
purpose.
Q Ap m Pp n
Where Q load applied on a given plate
A contact area of plate
Pp perimeter of plate
m a cons tan t corresponding to
the bearing pressure
n another cons tan t corresponding
to perimeter shear .
Procedure
1
Two plate load tests are to be
conducted at the foundation level of the
prototype as per the procedure explained
earlier.
2.
Draw the load-settlement curves for
each of the plate load tests.
3.
Select the permissible settlement Sf. for
the foundation.
4. Determine the loads Q1 and Q2 from each
of the curves for the given permissible
settlement sf
Bearing Capacity on
Layered Soils
Case (a): Strong over
If H/B is
(su1/su2 >1).
relatively weak
small,
failure
would
occur as punching
in the
first layer,
followed by general
shear failure in the
second (the
weak) layer
If H/B is
relatively
large,
the failure surface
would be
fully
contained
within
the first (upper
layer).
Bearing Capacity on
Layered Soils
Case (a): Strong over
weak (su1/su2 >1) (cont.)
Bearing Capacity on
Layered Soils
Case (a): Strong over
Where:
weak
(su
/su
>1)
(cont.)
1
2
B = width of
foundation
L = length of
foundation
Nc = 5.14 (see
chart)
sa = cohesion
along the
line a-a' in the
previous
figure.
Bearing Capacity on
Layered Soils
Case (b): Weak over
strong (su1/su2 <1)
Bearing Capacity on
Layered Soils
II) Dense or compacted
If H issand
relatively above soft clay
small, failure would
extend into the
soft
clay layer
If H is relatively
large, the failure
surface would be
fully contained
within the sand
layer.
Bearing Capacity on
Layered Soils
II) Dense or compacted
sand above soft clay
(cont.)
Bearing Capacity on
Layered Soils
II) Dense or compacted
sand above soft clay
(cont.)
BEARING CAPACITY
BASED ON BUILDING
CODES
(PRESUMPTIVE
In many cities
the local building code
PRESSURE)