INTRODUCTION

Well Stimulation involves techniques to optimize well

performance . This may include pumping of acids,
energized fluids, and various other chemicals to
improve formation flow characteristics.

Stimulation Purpose
1-Remedy, or even improve, the natural connection of the well-bore with the
reservoir; by remove skin damage caused by drilling, completion, and work-over or
well-killing fluids, and by precipitation of deposits from produced fluid.
2-Enhanced the reservoir value by providing faster delivery hydrocarbon fluids.
3-Increase ultimate economic recovery.

OVERVIEW OF STIMULATION IN AN OIL WELL

Sources of Formation Damage

Drilling

Cementing

Perforating

Completion and Workover

Gravel Packing

Production

Stimulation

Injection Operations

OVERVIEW OF STIMULATION IN AN OIL WELL

OVERVIEW OF STIMULATION IN AN OIL WELL

The removal of this formation damage will restore the natural well productivity.
The Hawkins formula

is convenient tool for analyzing the influence of varying levels and depth of
formation damage.

Total Skin

Formation
Damage Skin

Pseudo Skin

OVERVIEW OF STIMULATION IN AN OIL WELL

The total Skin (ST) is the combination of formation damage skin and pseudo-skins. It
is the total skin value that is obtained directly from well-test analysis.
Formation Damage Skin:
Mathematically defined as an infinitely thin zone that creates a steady-state pressure drop at the sand
face.
S > 0
S = 0
S < 0

Damaged Formation
Neither damaged nor stimulated
Stimulated formation/slanted well

Pseudo Skin:
Includes situations such as fractures, partial penetration, turbulence, and fissures.

The Formation Damage Skin is the only type that can be removed by stimulation.

OVERVIEW OF STIMULATION IN AN OIL WELL

Well stimulation basic types

Acidizing /Acid Fracturing / Matrix Acidizing
Hydraulic Fracturing
Hydraulic
Fracturing

Well
Stimulation

Acidizing

Acid is used to remove damage near the well-bore in all types of wells to
improve the well productivity ( Acid Stimulation Treatments). The two basic
types of Acidizing are characterized through injection rates and pressure.

Acidizing

Matrix
Acidizing

Fracturin
g
Acidizing

MATRIX ACIDIZING
It is applied to remove skin damage caused by drilling, completion, workover or wellkilling fluids, and by precipitation of deposits from produced water..
Due to the extermely large surface area contacted by acid in a matrix treatment ,
spending time is very short.
Therefore, it is difficult to affect formation more than a few feet from the wellbore.

MATRIX ACIDIZING
Breakdown test

Figure (2) test to determine fracture pressure.

MATRIX ACIDIZING

Matrix Acidizing consists of pumping acid into the formation at pressure below the frac-gradient
(formation fracture pressure) and dissolving sufficient rock to create the desired flow
enhancement.

Figure (4) shown a picture of wormholing in limestone core

Figure (3) shown a matrix acid stimulated well-bore.

MATRIX ACIDIZING

Acid Pumper

MATRIX ACIDIZING
During the matrix acidizing job, the contact area between the acid and the formation is
very large. Therefore, friction pressure increases rapidly with increased pumping rates.
Due to high friction pressures, matrix acidizing must be conducted at low injection
rates.

MATRIX ACIDIZING
Sandstone:
Major Effects:

Dissolves/Disperses Damage
Restores Permeability

Limestone:
Major Effects:

Enlarge Flow Channels/Fractures

Disperse Damage by Dissolving Surrounding Rock
Creation of Highly Conductive Wormholes

MATRIX ACIDIZING
Applications For Matrix Treatment
o

High Permeability Formation with Damage.

Treating Limitations.

Thick Zones.

To Supplement Fracturing.

MATRIX ACIDIZING

The level performance improvement that can be obtained from Matrix Acidizing
depends primarily on two key factors:-

1. Good vertical coverage of the net pay interval.

2. Depth of acid penetration.
And those depended on :

Pump rate (pressure pump).

Acid type, concentration and volume.

Size of the primary conductive path.

MATRIX ACIDIZING
In evaluating this type of acidizing,
1. The formation is homogeneous.
2. The pores are of uniform size.
3. The acid penetrates uniformly and radially.
4. The reaction rate declines uniformly with decreasing acid concentration.
5. The weight of limestone dissolved per increment of distance declines uniformly until the
acid is completely spent.
On the basis of the above assumptions , the radial distance the acid will penetrate before
being totally spent depends on the equation.

MATRIX ACIDIZING

eq.1
Where

MATRIX ACIDIZING
only unknown factor in Eq (1)is the spending time t, which must be measured for the
The
particular acid in the laboratory.
The spending time for an acid depends upon the ratio of the area of the rock exposed to the acid to
the volume of acid, here denoted as specific area ().
Specific surface area can be obtained from the Kozeny equation as modified by Pirson.
:
K = permeability , darcies
= specific surface area ,
F = formation reserstivity factor , dimensionless

The formation resistivity factor is related to the porosity by

Where cementation factor m varies from 1.3 for unconsolidated sands and oolitic limestone to 2.2 for
dense limestone.