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Snell
Seventh edition
P 924-935
Basic anatomy
33 Vertebrae
Flexible structure
Inter-vertebral disc
Form1/4 of its length
12
5
4
C1-7
Vert.
prominence
T1-12
L1-5
S1-5
Abnormal Vertebral
column curvature
Kyphosis:
abnormal increase in thoracic curv.
Erosion of anterior vertebral part.
Lordosis:
(hollow back) anterior rotation of pelvis
abnormal increase in lumber curvature
(pregnancy)
Scoliosis:
(Crooked or curved back) abnormal lateral
curvature and rotation of the back
(appears between ages of 10-15)
Cervical Vertebrae
Seven vertebrae (C1-C7) are the smallest & lightest
vertebrae
C3-C7 are distinguished with an oval body, long
spinous processes, and large, triangular vertebral
foramina
Each transverse process contains a transverse
foramen.
Superior and inferior articular facets are oriented
sup. and inf.
Cervical
Vertebrae:
The atlas
Has no body and no spinous process
Consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two
lateral masses
The superior and inferior surface of lateral masses
has articular surfaces to articulate with the occipital
condyles and with the axis
inferior view
Pivot Joint
Thoracic Vertebrae
There are twelve vertebrae (T 1-T12) all of which
articulate with ribs.
Major markings include two demi-facets on the
heart-shaped body for the head of the rib.
Circular vertebral foramen, transverse processes
with articular costal facets for the rib tubercles.
Long biffed spinous process that is inclined
downward.
The location of the articulate facets prevent flexion
and extension, but allow rotation of this area of the
spine.
Superior articular processes are oriented backward
and laterally.
Thoracic Vertebrae
thoracic vertebra
Superior Aspect
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Spinous process.
Lamina.
Transverse process.
Superior articular process.
Body
Pedicle.
Thoracic vertebra
Inferior Aspect
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Pedicle.
Lamina.
Body (heart Shape).
Inferior articular process.
Transverse process.
Spinous process.
Lumbar Vertebrae
The five lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) are located in the small
region of the back and have an enhanced weight-bearing
function.
Body is large and kidney-shaped.
They have short, thick pedicles and lamina.
Flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes.
Triangular-shaped vertebral foramen.
Orientation of the sup. articular facets face medially to
lock the lumbar vertebrae together to provide stability
Lumbar Vertebrae
Lumbar vertebra
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Pedicle
Transverse process.
Articular process.
Spinous process.
Lamina.
Transverse process.
Vertebral foramina.
Body
Lumber Vertebra
Lateral Aspect
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Spinous process.
Superior articular
process.
Transverse process.
Pedicle
Body
Inferior articular
process.
Vertebral characteristics
Inter-Vertebral Joints
Movements
The Coccyx
Coccyx (Tailbone)
The coccyx is made up of four (in some
cases three to five) fused vertebrae
that articulate superiorly with the
sacrum
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
Coccyx
1
2
3
4
Disc Problems
Slipped disc vs. herniated disc
Most common sites for disc problems:
C5 - C6
L4 - L5
L5 - S1
Lumbago
Laminectomy ( IS a surgical removal
vertebral arch by shaving laminae to
access disc)
Osteoporosis after
the fracture
Lumber L3
Fracture
Sternum (Breastbone)
A dagger-shaped, flat bone that lies in the
anterior midline of the thorax
Results from the fusion of three bones the
superior manubrium, the body, and the
inferior xiphoid process
Anatomical landmarks include the jugular
(suprasternal) notch, the sternal angle, and
the xiphisternal joint
Sternum