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ORG I LABORATORY
PRE LAB LECURE
Distillations:
Steam Distillation
1. Steam distillation arises from an interesting curiosity of
immiscible systems
2. The distillation of liquids that are fully miscible is governed by
Raoults Law
PT = NAPA +NBPB + NCPC +
(1)
A B
Distillations:
Steam Distillation
4. The total vapor pressure above an immiscible system is equal
to the sum of the vapor pressures independent of their
relative amounts
PT = PA + PB + PC + (2)
5. The mixture will boil at a temperature
typically lower than either liquid
H
O
Distillations:
Steam Distillation
7. The mole fraction of each component (nA and nB) in the vapor
phase is given by the ratio of its partial pressure over the total
pressure: nA = PA/PT (3) and nB = PB/PT (4)
8. If the vapor is condensed, the resulting distillate has the same
composition. The ratio of the mole fractions for A and B in the
distillate is then given by Equation 5, which results from dividing
equation 3 by equation 4:
nA/nB = PA/PB (5)
Thus in the case of the steam distillation of iodobenzene and
water, the vapor phase, iodobenzene would only have a mole
fraction of 0.064 (46 torr/714 torr)
In the gas phase the two are fully miscible, but once the vapor
condenses the two are no longer miscible and can be
Distillations:
Steam Distillation
B. Uses/Apparatus
When these isolations are for medicinal purposes, the field is known as
Pharmacognosy
"Pharmacognosy" derives from two Greek words, "pharmakon" or drug, and
"gnosis" or knowledge. Like many contemporary fields of science, pharmacognosy has undergone significant change in recent years and today
represents a highly interdisciplinary science which is one of five major
areas of pharmaceutical education.
Its scope includes the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and
biological properties of drugs, drug substances, or potential drugs or drug
substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from
natural sources.
Research problems in pharmacognosy include studies in the areas of
phytochemistry, microbial chemistry, biosynthesis, biotransformation,
chemotaxonomy, and other biological and chemical sciences.
CH
OCH
CH
CH
CH
Caryophyllene
Eugenol
We will be using
a modification of
the distillation
apparatus in the
text
H2O
CH2Cl2
The methylene
chloride extract will
be dried by passing it
through a disposable
pipette filled with
anhydrous Na2SO4
drying agent
about
1.5in.ofNaSO
2
cotton plug
as disposable pipet
holder
Apparatusfordrying
ethersolution
qualitatively to
determine which
components are in the oil