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Dr.

Mohammad Faisal
Dept. of EEE, BUET

Transmission Characteristics of
Optical Fiber

Signal attenuation (also known as fiber loss or

signal loss) is one of the most important properties


of an optical fiber, because it determines the
maximum repeaterless separation between
transmitter and receiver. Fiber attenuation is
important because a lightwave receiver requires at
least a minimum amount of signal power to detect a
transmitted bit with an acceptable error rate.
Of equal importance is the signal distortion in fiber,
which causes optical signal pulses to broaden as they
travel along the fiber. The signal distortion limits the
information-carrying capacity of a fiber.
These are the two principal factors to determine the
optical transmission characteristics of fiber.

Fiber
Loss

Mathematical analysis of fiber loss:

Changes in power P of a bit stream propagating inside an optical fiber

dP
P
dz

is attenuation constant which includes all sources of power loss

Pout Pin e

Pin

numerical
dB/km

1 Pin
ln
L Pout

P
10
log out
L
Pin

Pout
10
log10 e log e

L
P
in

Pout

dB/km 10 0.434294
4.434

1 Pout
ln
L Pin

Factors affecting the fiber


Material Absorption
loss:
Intrinsic Absorption:
absorption by fused silica (SiO2)
electronic and vibrational rasononaces associated with specific
molecules due to absorption of power at certain wavelength
for silica molecules, electronic resonances occur in the UV
region ( < 0.4 m) whereas vibrational resonances occur in the
infrared region ( > 7 m)
intrinsic absorption for silica; -range: 0.81.6 m, below 0.1 dB/km
in fact below 0.03 dB/km in the 1.3 ~1.6 m range

Extrinsic Absorption:
absorption by impurities within silica (SiO2)
transition metal impurities such as Fe, Cu, Co, Ni, Mn, and Cr
absorb in the wavelength range 0.61.6 m
the main source of extrinsic absorption is the presence of water
vapors. OH ion dissolves in glass. Three absorption peaks occur
near 1.39-, 1.24-, 0.95- m wavelengths due to presence of residual water
vapor in silica.

Attenuation Spectrum for SMF

Extrinsic Absorption

Material Scattering
Rayleigh Scattering: This is the dominant loss mechanism
arising from local microscopic fluctuations in density

the density and compositional variations are


frozen into the glass on cooling
density fluctuations lead to random fluctuations
of refractive index which cause light scatteringRayleigh scattering
the loss due to Rayleigh scattering:

R C

Where C is constant in the range of 0.7-09 (dB/km)m4 depending on the constituents of the core
R = 0.120.16 dB/km at =1.55 m

Waveguide Imperfections:
Mie Scattering: Due to imperfections at the corecladding interface (say core radius variation), scattering of
light occurs because of index inhomogeneities
this loss is typically below 0.03 dB/km

Macro-bending Loss
According to ray optics theory: a guided ray hits the core-cladding interface at an angle
greater than critical angle to experience total internal reflection. The angle decreases
near a bend and may be smaller than critical angle for tight bends. Hence, ray would
escape out of fiber.
In terms of mode theory: the part of mode outside the bend is required to travel faster

than that on the inside so that a wavefront perpendicular to the direction of propagation
is maintained. Hence, part of the mode in the cladding region needs to travel faster than
the velocity of light in that medium. Since it is not possible, energy associated with this
part of the mode is lost through radiation.
Bending loss is negligible (<0.01 dB/km) for bend radius R>5mm, practically most bends

exceed R=5mm.

Micro-bending loss: Microscopic meandering of core axis is


known as micro-bending
Slight surface imperfections during manufacturing, cabling
process or cable installation, during service, due to stress for
temperature variation etc.
It can cause mode coupling between adjacent modes which in
turn cause radiation loss.

Dry Fiber

Dry fiber is developed which has very low loss over the

entire wavelength range of 1.3 to 1.65 m.


Lightwave systems with thousands of channels are possible

Dispersion

Intermodal Dispersion: only in MMF In multimode fiber,

intermodal dispersion is due to the difference in propagation of


various modes of the same signal

Intramodal Dispersion (Chromatic Dispersion): Both

SMF and MMF: intramodal dispersion occurs within a single


mode, because of group velocity being a function of wavelength
Signal distortion occurs from the effect that the velocity of
propagation of a light becomes frequency dependent in the
fiber. This dependence is expressed by the following
equation
c

vg

dn
n
d
Where vg is the group velocity, n is refractive index of
fiber medium, is wavelength of light and c is the light
velocity.
Thus different frequency components of the optical
signal propagate at different velocities. The time delay
between different spectral components causes spectral

Dispersion
Input pulses

Optical fiber

Output pulses

After certain overlap, the adjacent pulses can no

longer be individually distinguishable. This is known as


intersymbol interference (ISI) as illustrated in Figure.

Dispersion
c
Phase velocity: v p

n1
d
c
c
2 n1
2 c
group velocity: vg

; n1
;
dn
d n 1 ng
c

1
d
ng is group index
d d d
vg

d d d

1

d n 2
1
d

dn1
n1
d

dn
d 2 dn1 n1
2
1
;

2 n1

d
d

Group Velocity Dispersion


Consider a fiber with length L, if is the spectral width
(GVD)
of the pulse, the extent of pulse broadening for L:
dT
d L
d
T

; vg
The parameter 2 is
d
d vg
d
known as GVD
d d
parameter which
L

determines the how


d d
much an pulse
2
d
L 2
would broaden on
d
propagation inside
2
d
the fiber.
L 2 ;
where 2 2
d
Unit: ps2/km

Dispersion Parameter
d L
2 c
2 c
T

d vg

DL
d 1
D

d vg

D is the dispersion parameter


Unit: ps/(nm-km)
Fiber dispersion 16 ps/(nm-

d d 1


d d vg

d d d

d d d
2 c
2

d 2

2
d

2 c
2 2 ;

km) means pulse will broaden


16 ps per nm wavelength
after propagating 1 km

d 2
where 2
d 2

Types of Dispersion

Material Dispersion

(DM): It occurs due


to refractive index
of silica, which
changes with
optical frequency.
n=f()

d 1
DM
;

d vg

put vg

c
n

dn
d

d 2n

; n n1 or n n2
2
c d

DM 122 1 ZD ; Empirical relation

ZD is zero-dispersion wavelength
since at =ZD , DM 0.
Waveguide Dispersion (DW): Due to waveguide

design or structure
2
n

n
d
Vb

1
2
Core radius, index
DW
V
2

c
dV
DW is negative in the range 0-1.7m
2
It shifts the ZD so that the total
where, V
a NA
is zero near 1.3m or 1.55m

ZMD: Zero material


dispersion point

Profile Dispersion (DP): Due to variation of


d
index difference with frequency
DP
d
Negligible
DT DM DW DP
Total Dispersion:
DP 0

30
20

SMF

10
Dc
(ns/nmkm)
0

NZDSF

DSF

-10
-20
-30

1250

1350

1450

1550

1650

Wavelength (nm)

The fact that waveguide dispersion has opposite sign

compared to the material dispersion is of


considerable practical interest, which can be utilized
to develop special fibers, such as dispersion flattened
fiber (DF), dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) and nonzero
dispersion shifted fiber (NZDSF) etc.

Different Types of Fibers

Fiber Parameters
Dispersion (DSF)

0 ps/nm-km @1550nm

Dispersion (NZDSF)

2 to 5 ps/nm-km

Dispersion (SMF)

17 ps/nm-km @1550nm
But 0@1300nm

Dispersion slope (DSF)

0.055 ps/nm2-km

Dispersion slope (NZDSF)

0.07 ps/nm2-km

Dispersion slope (SMF)

0.09 ps/nm2-km

DFF: low loss, low dispersion: 1.3 to 1.6m

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