Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Mohammad Faisal
Dept. of EEE, BUET
Transmission Characteristics of
Optical Fiber
Fiber
Loss
dP
P
dz
Pout Pin e
Pin
numerical
dB/km
1 Pin
ln
L Pout
P
10
log out
L
Pin
Pout
10
log10 e log e
L
P
in
Pout
dB/km 10 0.434294
4.434
1 Pout
ln
L Pin
Extrinsic Absorption:
absorption by impurities within silica (SiO2)
transition metal impurities such as Fe, Cu, Co, Ni, Mn, and Cr
absorb in the wavelength range 0.61.6 m
the main source of extrinsic absorption is the presence of water
vapors. OH ion dissolves in glass. Three absorption peaks occur
near 1.39-, 1.24-, 0.95- m wavelengths due to presence of residual water
vapor in silica.
Extrinsic Absorption
Material Scattering
Rayleigh Scattering: This is the dominant loss mechanism
arising from local microscopic fluctuations in density
R C
Where C is constant in the range of 0.7-09 (dB/km)m4 depending on the constituents of the core
R = 0.120.16 dB/km at =1.55 m
Waveguide Imperfections:
Mie Scattering: Due to imperfections at the corecladding interface (say core radius variation), scattering of
light occurs because of index inhomogeneities
this loss is typically below 0.03 dB/km
Macro-bending Loss
According to ray optics theory: a guided ray hits the core-cladding interface at an angle
greater than critical angle to experience total internal reflection. The angle decreases
near a bend and may be smaller than critical angle for tight bends. Hence, ray would
escape out of fiber.
In terms of mode theory: the part of mode outside the bend is required to travel faster
than that on the inside so that a wavefront perpendicular to the direction of propagation
is maintained. Hence, part of the mode in the cladding region needs to travel faster than
the velocity of light in that medium. Since it is not possible, energy associated with this
part of the mode is lost through radiation.
Bending loss is negligible (<0.01 dB/km) for bend radius R>5mm, practically most bends
exceed R=5mm.
Dry Fiber
Dry fiber is developed which has very low loss over the
Dispersion
vg
dn
n
d
Where vg is the group velocity, n is refractive index of
fiber medium, is wavelength of light and c is the light
velocity.
Thus different frequency components of the optical
signal propagate at different velocities. The time delay
between different spectral components causes spectral
Dispersion
Input pulses
Optical fiber
Output pulses
Dispersion
c
Phase velocity: v p
n1
d
c
c
2 n1
2 c
group velocity: vg
; n1
;
dn
d n 1 ng
c
1
d
ng is group index
d d d
vg
d d d
1
d n 2
1
d
dn1
n1
d
dn
d 2 dn1 n1
2
1
;
2 n1
d
d
Dispersion Parameter
d L
2 c
2 c
T
d vg
DL
d 1
D
d vg
d d 1
d d vg
d d d
d d d
2 c
2
d 2
2
d
2 c
2 2 ;
d 2
where 2
d 2
Types of Dispersion
Material Dispersion
d 1
DM
;
d vg
put vg
c
n
dn
d
d 2n
; n n1 or n n2
2
c d
ZD is zero-dispersion wavelength
since at =ZD , DM 0.
Waveguide Dispersion (DW): Due to waveguide
design or structure
2
n
n
d
Vb
1
2
Core radius, index
DW
V
2
c
dV
DW is negative in the range 0-1.7m
2
It shifts the ZD so that the total
where, V
a NA
is zero near 1.3m or 1.55m
30
20
SMF
10
Dc
(ns/nmkm)
0
NZDSF
DSF
-10
-20
-30
1250
1350
1450
1550
1650
Wavelength (nm)
Fiber Parameters
Dispersion (DSF)
0 ps/nm-km @1550nm
Dispersion (NZDSF)
2 to 5 ps/nm-km
Dispersion (SMF)
17 ps/nm-km @1550nm
But 0@1300nm
0.055 ps/nm2-km
0.07 ps/nm2-km
0.09 ps/nm2-km