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W ELC O M

R EM O TE S EN S IN G
&

IM A G E P R O C ESS IN G
PRESEN TED BY A B D U L Q A D EER
M IS SECTIO N
PRO JECT W IN G S

Intro

SEQ

What is Remote Sensing?


Electromagnetic Spectrum
Interaction with Atmosphere
Radiation Target Interaction
Image Characteristics, Channel, Brightness Values
Orbit, Swat n Resolutions
Radiometric and Geometric Resolution GeoReferencing
Temporal Images and Time factor
Image Interpretation & Standard Keys

W hat is Rem ote Sensing?


"Remote sensing is the science (and to some extent, art) of
acquiring information about the Earth's surface without
actually being in contact with it. This is done by sensing and
recording reflected or emitted energy and processing,
analyzing, and applying that information."
1. Energy Source or Illumination
(A)
2. Radiation and the Atmosphere
(B)
3. Interaction with the Target (C)
4. Recording of Energy by the
Sensor (D)
5. Transmission, Reception, and
Processing (E)
6. Interpretation and Analysis (F)
7. Application (G)

Electrom agnetic Radiation

Interactions w ith the Atm osphere


Before radiation used for remote sensing reaches the Earth's
surface it has to travel through some distance of the Earth's
atmosphere. Particles and gases in the atmosphere can affect
the incoming light and radiation. These effects are caused by
the mechanisms of scattering and absorption.

Radiation -Target Interactions


Radiation that is not absorbed or scattered in the atmosphere can
reach and interact with the Earth's surface. There are three (3)
forms of interaction that can take place when energy strikes, or is
incident (I) upon the surface. These are: absorption (A);
transmission (T); and reflection (R). The total incident energy
will interact with the surface in one or more of these three ways.
The proportions of each will depend on the wavelength of the
energy and the material and condition of the feature.

Characteristics ofIm ages


A
photograph
refers
specifically to images that have
been detected as well as
recorded on photographic film.
The black and white photo to
the right, of part of the city of
Ottawa, Canada was taken in
the visible part of the spectrum.
Photos are normally recorded
over the wavelength range from
0.3 m to 0.9 m - the visible
and reflected infrared. Based on
these definitions, we can say
that all photographs are images,
but
not
all
images
are
photographs. Therefore, unless
we are talking specifically about
an
image
recorded
photographically, we use the
term image.

Pixeland Brightness values


A photograph could also be represented and displayed
in a digital format by subdividing the image into
small equal-sized and shaped areas, called picture
elements or pixels, and representing the brightness
of each area with a numeric value or digital number.

Channelor Bands
Combination and display channels of information digitally
using the three primary colors (red, green, and blue).

D id You Know ?
our five senses (touch, taste,

sight, smell, hear), three


thereof may be considered
forms of
"remote sensing", where the
source of information is at
some distance. The other
two rely on
direct contact with
the
source of information

Satellites and Sensors


Recording of energy by the sensor
space shuttle

Ground-based sensors

O N TH E G R O U N D , IN TH E A IR ,
IN S PA C E

Satellite Characteristics:O rbits and Sw aths


The path followed by a satellite is referred
to as its orbit. Satellite orbits are matched
to the capability and objective of the
sensor(s) they carry. Orbit selection can
vary in terms of altitude (their height
above the earth's surface) and their
orientation and rotation relative to the
Earth. Satellites at very high altitudes,
which view the same portion of the Earth's
These geostationary satellites, at altitudes
surface at all times have geostationary
of approximately 36,000 kilometers,
orbits.
revolve at speeds which match the
rotation of the Earth so they seem
stationary, relative to the Earth's surface.
This allows the satellites to observe and
collect information continuously over
specific
areas.
Weather
and
communications satellites commonly have
these types of orbits. Due to their high
altitude, some geostationary weather

Fine or H igh Resolution


The ratio of distance on an image or map, to actual ground
distance is referred to as scale. If you had a map with a
scale of 1:100,000, an object of 1cm length on the map
would actually be an object 100,000cm (1km) long on the
ground. Maps or images with small "map-to-ground ratios"
are referred to as small scale (e.g. 1:100,000), and those
with larger ratios (e.g. 1:5,000) are called large scale.

Generally speaking, the finer the resolution, the less total ground area can

Radiom etric Resolution


The radiometric resolution of an imaging system describes its
ability to discriminate very slight differences in energy The finer
the radiometric resolution of a sensor, the more sensitive it is to
detecting small differences in reflected or emitted energy.

Image
data
are
generally displayed in
a range of grey tones,
with black representing
a digital number of 0
and white representing
the maximum value
(for example, 255 in 8bit data).

2-bit image VS 8-bit image

Tem poralResolution
Imagery of the same area of the Earth's surface at different
periods of time is called Temporal Images. It is one of the most
important elements for applying remote sensing data.
Spectral
characteristics
of
features may change over time
and these changes can be
detected
by
collecting
and
comparing
multi-temporal
For example, during the growing
imagery.
season, vegetation are in a
continual state of change. To
monitor those subtle changes
using
remote
sensing
is
dependent on when and how
frequently we collect imagery. By
imaging on a continuing basis at
different times we are able to
monitor the changes that take

Tim e Factor in Im aging


The time factor in imaging is important when:
Persistent clouds offer limited clear views of the
Earth's surface (often in the tropics) Short-lived
phenomena (floods, oil slicks, etc.) need to be
imaged Multi-temporal comparisons are required
(e.g. the spread of a forest disease from one year to
the next)

The changing appearance of a feature over time can be


used to distinguish it from near similar features (wheat /
maize)

Im age Analysis
Interpretation and Analysis
Targets in remote sensing images may be any feature or object which

can be observed in an image, and have the following characteristics:

Targets may be a point, line,


or area feature. This means
that they can have any form,
from a bus in a parking lot or
plane on a runway, to a
bridge or roadway, to a large
expanse of water or a field.
The target must be
distinguishable; it must
contrast with other features
around it in the image.

Elem ents ofVisualInterpretation

Recognizing targets is the key to


interpretation and information
extraction.
Observing
the
differences between targets and
their
backgrounds
involves
comparing
different
targets
based on any, or all, of the visual
elements of tone, shape, size,
pattern,
texture,
shadow,
and
association.
Visual
interpretation
using
these
elements is often a part of our
daily lives, whether we are
conscious of it or not.

Interpretation
Tone refers to the
relative brightness or
colour of objects in an
image.
Generally,
tone
is
the
fundamental element
for
distinguishing
between
different
targets or features.
Variations in tone also
allows the elements
of shape, texture, and
pattern of objects to
be distinguished.

Interpretation

Shape refers to the


general
form,
structure, or outline
of individual objects.
Shape can be a very
distinctive clue for
interpretation.
Straight edge shapes
typically
represent
urban or agricultural
(field) targets, while
natural features, such
as forest edges, are
generally
more
irregular in shape,
except where man
has created a road or
clear cuts. Farm or
crop land irrigated by

Interpretation
Size of objects in an image is a function of scale. It is
important to assess the size of a target relative to other
objects in a scene, as well as the absolute size, to aid in the
interpretation of that target. A quick approximation of target
size can direct interpretation to an appropriate result more
quickly. For example, if an interpreter had to distinguish zones
of land use, and had identified an area with a number of
buildings in it, large buildings such as factories or warehouses
would suggest commercial property, whereas small buildings
would indicate residential use. Size of objects in an image is a
function of scale. It is important to assess the size of a target
relative to other objects in a scene, as well as the absolute
size, to aid in the interpretation of that target. A quick
approximation of target size can direct interpretation to an
appropriate result more quickly. For example, if an interpreter
had to distinguish zones of land use, and had identified an
area with a number of buildings in it, large buildings such as

Interpretation
Pattern refers to the spatial arrangement

of visibly discernible objects.


Typically an orderly repetition of similar
tones and textures will produce a
distinctive and ultimately recognizable
pattern. Orchards with evenly spaced trees,
and urban streets with regularly spaced
houses are good examples of pattern.

Texture refers to the arrangement and


frequency of tonal variation in particular
areas of an image. Rough textures would
consist of a mottled tone where the grey
levels change abruptly in a small area,
whereas smooth textures would have very
little tonal variation. Smooth textures are
most often the result of uniform, even

Interpretation
Shadow is also helpful in interpretation
as it may provide an idea of the profile
and relative height of a target or targets
which may make identification easier.
shadows can also reduce or eliminate
interpretation in their area of influence.
Shadow is also useful for enhancing or
identifying topography and landforms,
particularly in radar imagery.
Association
takes

into
account
the
relationship
between
other
recognizable
objects or features in proximity to the target of
interest. The identification of features that one
would expect to associate with other features
may
provide
information
to
facilitate
identification. In the example given above,
commercial properties may be associated with
proximity to major transportation routes,
whereas residential areas would be associated
with schools, playgrounds, and sports fields. In

D igitalIm age Processing


Image analysis systems can be categorized into the following
four categories.
1. Preprocessing
2. Image Enhancement
3. Image Transformation
4. Image Classification and Analysis
Remote
sensing
data
are
recorded in digital format,
virtually
all
image
interpretation
and
analysis
involves some element of
digital
processing.
Digital
image processing may involve
numerous procedures including
formatting and correcting of
the data, digital enhancement
to
facilitate
better
visual
interpretation,
or
even

D igitalIm age Processing


Preprocessing functions involve those operations that are normally
required prior to the main data analysis and extraction of information,
and are generally grouped as radiometric or geometric
corrections.

The objective of the second group of image processing functions


grouped under the term of image enhancement, is solely to
improve the appearance of the imagery to assist in visual
interpretation and analysis.

geom etric registration process


The
geometric
registration
process involves identifying the
image
coordinates
(i.e.
row,
column)
of
several
clearly
discernible points, called ground
control points (or GCPs), in the
distorted image (A - A1 to A4), and
matching them to their true
positions in ground coordinates
(e.g. latitude, longitude). The true
ground coordinates are typically
measured
a map
(B - B1 to
This is image-to-map registration.
Once from
several
well-distributed
B4),theeither
in paper
or digital
GCP pairs have been identified,
coordinate
information
is
format. the proper transformation
processed by the computer to determine
equations to apply to the original (row and column) image
coordinates to map them into their new ground coordinates.
Geometric registration may also be performed by registering one
(or more) images to another image, instead of to geographic
coordinates. This is called image-to-image registration.

geom etric registration process


In order to actually geometrically
correct the original distorted image,
a procedure called resampling is
used to determine the digital values
to place in the new pixel locations of
the corrected output image.
There are three common methods for
resampling:
nearest
neighbor,
bilinear interpolation, and cubic
convolution.
Nearest
neighbor
resampling uses the digital value from
the pixel in the original image which is
nearest to the new pixel location in
the corrected image.

VisualExam ple

Q uestion Answ ers ?

Concl

Thank you

1. passive sensor.. just receive emr


2. active sensor, transmit recieve.
3. gps, just transmit the emr, atomic
clock , time synchorizing with local
reciever

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