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 Electromagnetic Waves ² signals that ô


 Electromagnetic Spectrum ² entire range of
frequencies
 Frequency ² the number of times a particular
phenomenon occurs in a given period of time.
- cycles per second (cps)
- Hertz
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 wycle ² each alternation or oscillation

- each complete alternation of a waveform
3

3 
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 Wavelength ² the distance between two points

of similar cycles of a periodic wave.
- distance travelled by an
electromagnetic wave during the time of one
cycle.
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 §elationship of Frequency and Wavelength
 = w velocity of light
f frequency

 = 300, 000, 000 m/s

f
 = 11.8 x 109 inches/s
f
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 mhe Electromagnetic Frequency Spectrum

- frequency assignments by the Fww
- composed of sub sections and bands
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 mhe Electromagnetic Frequency Spectrum
- narrower frequency band, which are given
descriptive names and band numbers,
designated by the ww §.
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§adio Waves - (3 Hz to 300 GHz) -
divided into ten frequency ranges
(10 freq bands)
Microwaves - (1 GHz to 110 GHz) -
fully contained within the §F
spectrum
nfrared radiation - (300 GHz (1
mm) to 400 mHz (750 nm) - Near,
Moderate, and Far bands
Visible radiation (light) - (400 mHz
to 700 mHz)
Ultraviolet light - Near and Extreme
bands (700 mHz to 30 PHz - 380 to
10 nm)
X-rays - Soft and Hard bands -
(30PHzto 60EHz - 5pm to 10 nm)
Gamma rays - radiation
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 Extremely Low Frequencies (ELF)
- 30 ² 300 Hz
- ac power lines frequencies
- low end of human hearing range
- low frequency telemetry signals
 Voice Frequencies (VF)
- 300 ² 3000 Hz
- human speech
- standard telephone channels (voice band
channels)
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 Very Low Frequencies (VLF)

- 3 ² 30 kHz
- higher end of human hearing range
- musical instruments
- specialized government and military systems
(submarine communications)
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 Low Frequencies (LF)
- 30 ² 300 kHz
- marine and aeronautical navigation
- subcarriers
 Medium Frequencies (MF)
- 300 ² 3000 kHz
- AM §adio Broadcasting ( 535 ² 1605 kHz)
- marine and aeronautical communications
applications
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 High Frequencies (HF)

- 3 ² 30 MHz
- short waves
- two ² way radio communications/ short wave
radio broadcasting
- amateur radio / wB wommunications
- Voice of America and §adio Free Europe
Broadcast
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 Very High Frequencies (VHF)

- 30 ² 300 MHz
- mobile radio
- marine and aeronautical communication
- wommercial FM Broadcasting (88-108MHz)
- wommercial mV Broadcasting whannels 2-13
(54-216MHz)
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 Ultra High Frequencies (UHF)

- 300 ² 3000 MHz
- whannels 14 ² 83
- Land Mobile wommunications and Services
- §adar and Navigation Services (Military)
- Microwave and Satellite §adio Systems
- microwaves
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 Super High Frequencies (SHF)
- 3 ² 30 GHz
- Microwave and Satellite wommunications
- §adar
 Extremely High Frequencies (EHF)
- 30 ² 300 GHz
- very sophisticated, expensive and specialized
application of radio communications
- millimeter waves
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 nfrared
- 300 ² 3000 GHz
- 3 ² 30 mHz
- 30 ² 300 mHz
- not radio waves
nfrared Signals ² electromagnetic radiations
generally associated with heat
- used in heat seeking guidance
systems, electronic photography and astronomy.
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nfrared §egion ² sandwiched between the

highest radio frequencies and the visible
portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Micron ² one millionth of a meter
Long nfrared ² 0.01 mm to 1000nm
Short nfrared ² 1000 to 700 nm
Applications: Astronomy, Guidance in Weapon
Systems, mV §emote wontrol Units
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 Visible Light
- 300 ² 3000 mHz
- Visible §ange for Humans
- Light wave wommunications
Light ² a special type of electromagnetic radiation
that has a wavelength in the 0.4 to 0.8 µm range.
Light wavelengths ² usually expressed in Angstroms
(Å)
1 Å = one ten-thousandth of a micron
Visible §ange : 8000 Å ² 4000 Å
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Lasers ² operate on extremely narrow beam of

light which is easily modulated with voice, video
and data information
 Ultra Violet §ays ( 3 ² 30 PHz)

 X ² §ays ( 30 ² 300 PHz)

 Gamma §ays ( 300 ² 3000 PHz)

 wosmic §ays ( 3 EHz ² 30 EHz)

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 wlassification of mransmitters
- for licensing purposes in the US
- identified by a three-symbol code containing a
combination of letters and numbers
- type of modulation of the main carrier (letter)
- identifies the type of emission (number)
- describes the type of information (letter)
- A3E
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 M = Modulation mype
N None
A AM (Amplitude Modulation), double
sideband, full carrier H AM, single sideband,
full carrier
§ AM, single sideband, reduced or controlled
carrier
J AM, single sideband, suppressed carrier
B AM, independent sidebands
w AM, vestigial sideband (commonly analog mV)
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 F Angle-modulated, straight FM
G Angle-modulated, phase modulation
(common; sounds like FM)
D warrier is amplitude and angle modulated
P Pulse, no modulation
K Pulse, amplitude modulation (PAM, PSM)
L Pulse, width modulation (PWM)
M Pulse, phase or position modulation (PPM)
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 ü Pulse, carrier also angle-modulated during

pulse
W Pulse, two or more modes used
X All cases not covered above
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 N = Nature of modulating signal
0 None
1 Digital, on-off or quantized, no modulation
2 Digital, with modulation
3 Single analog channel
7 mwo or more digital channels
8 mwo or more analog channels
9 womposite, one or more digital channel, one
or more analog
X All cases not covered above
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 = nformation type
N None
A Aural telegraphy, for people (Morse code)
B melegraphy for machine copy (§mm
, fast Morse)
w Analog fax
D Data, telemetry, telecomm
E melephony, voice, sound broadcasting
F Video, television
W wombinations of the above
X All cases not covered above