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FINANCE
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
FINANCE
Topics to be Discussed in Chapter
Letter of Credit
Uniform Customary and Practices for Documentary Credits
LETTERS OF CREDIT
Letters of Credit a commercial bank
guarantee of either payment by the buyer or
performance by the seller.
Purposes
Guarantees payment by the buyer (letter of credit)
or to guarantee performance by seller (standby letter
of credit.
Once letter of credit is issued, the seller can use
instrument to finance production of goods.
LETTERS OF CREDIT
Functions of Letters of Credit
Payment Instrument
In absence of letter of credit, sight or time drafts used. No
Guarantee of Payment.
Letters of Credit Involves Bank in Transaction.
Performance Guarantee
In Documentary Transaction no guarantee of performance.
Payment by bank would not be released until goods and document
conforms to specifications on letter of credit.
Finance Instrument
Seller can use letter of credit as collateral to finance production
and exportation of good.
LETTERS OF CREDIT
Types of Letters of Credit
Irrevocable Letter of Credit-bank cannot revoke letter
of credit. To change letter of credit, must get written
agreement.
Most Popular in International Commercial Transaction
LETTERS OF CREDIT
Letter of Credit Transaction
After formation of contract, buyer arranges for bank to open letter
of credit.
Buyers bank prepares irrevocable letter of credit.
Buyers bank sends irrevocable letter of credit to a US bank for
confirmation.
US bank prepares a letter of confirmation to exporter along with
irrevocable letter of credit
Exporter arranges for freight forwarded to deliver goods. Freight
Forwarder prepares documents.
Exporter presents document to Bank indicating full compliance.
Bank bound by rule of strict compliance
Bank reviews documents and authorizes payment
DOCUMENTARY LC
Being used worldwide
Safer for exporter as it makes sure he will get his
money for the goods sold provided that he
presents the correct documents
Ensure the importer that he will get the goods
bought as long as he pays for them or agreed to
pay in a fixed date in the future.
taking more time than the other methods of
payment
ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF
GUARANTEEING PERFORMANCE
ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF
GUARANTEEING PERFORMANCE
Types-Continued
Retention Fund-in large or government
projects, a percentage is deducted from each
payment due to the supplier or contractor and is
retained in a fund pending completion of
project.
Demand Guarantee secures performance of a
non-monetary obligation.
SOURCES OF TRADE
FINANCE
Commercial Banks
Export Financing
Borrowing against trade documents
Factoring-exporter transfers title to its account receivable to a
factoring company at a discount.
Forfaithing-selling at a discount, of longer term receivables or
promissory notes to a foreign buyer.
Transferable Credit-suppliers accept part of the letter of credit
that seller receives from buyer in export transaction.
Back to Back Letter of Credit-buyer makes arrangements with
third bank to make loan.